Artificial nucleic acid molecules for improved protein or peptide expression

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one 5′UTR element which is derived from a TOP gene, at least one open reading frame, and preferably at least one histone stem-loop. Optionally the artificial nucleic acid molecule may further comprise, e.g. a poly(A)sequence, a poyladenylation signal, and/or a 3′UTR. The invention further relates to the use of such an artificial nucleic acid molecule in gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/388,226, filed Sep. 25, 2014, which is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2013/000937, filed Mar. 27, 2013, which claims priority to International Application No. PCT/EP2012/001336, filed Mar. 27, 2012, and International Application No. PCT/EP2012/002447, filed Jun. 8, 2012. The entire text of each of the above referenced disclosures is specifically incorporated herein by reference.

The invention relates to artificial nucleic acid molecules comprising a 5′UTR element derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene, an open reading frame, and optionally a histone stem-loop, a 3′UTR element, a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal. The invention relates further to a vector comprising a 5′UTR element derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene, to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector, and to a kit comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the vector and/or the pharmaceutical composition, preferably for use in the field of gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination.

Gene therapy and genetic vaccination belong to the most promising and quickly developing methods of modern medicine. They may provide highly specific and individual options for therapy of a large variety of diseases. Particularly, inherited genetic diseases but also autoimmune diseases, cancerous or tumour-related diseases as well as inflammatory diseases may be the subject of such treatment approaches. Also, it is envisaged to prevent (early) onset of such diseases by these approaches.

The main conceptual rational behind gene therapy is appropriate modulation of impaired gene expression associated with pathological conditions of specific diseases. Pathologically altered gene expression may result in lack or overproduction of essential gene products, for example, signalling factors such as hormones, housekeeping factors, metabolic enzymes, structural proteins or the like. Altered gene expression may not only be due to mis-regulation of transcription and/or translation, but also due to mutations within the ORF coding for a particular protein. Pathological mutations may be caused by e.g. chromosomal aberration, or by more specific mutations, such as point or frame-shift-mutations, all of them resulting in limited functionality and, potentially, total loss of function of the gene product. However, misregulation of transcription or translation may also occur, if mutations affect genes encoding proteins which are involved in the transcriptional or translational machinery of the cell. Such mutations may lead to pathological up- or down-regulation of genes which are—as such—functional. Genes encoding gene products which exert such regulating functions, may be, e.g., transcription factors, signal receptors, messenger proteins or the like. However, loss of function of such genes encoding regulatory proteins may, under certain circumstances, be reversed by artificial introduction of other factors acting further downstream of the impaired gene product. Such gene defects may also be compensated by gene therapy via substitution of the affected gene itself.

Genetic vaccination allows to evoke a desired immune response to selected antigens, such as characteristic components of bacterial surfaces, viral particles, tumour antigens or the like. Generally, vaccination is one of the pivotal achievements of modern medicine. However, effective vaccines are currently available only for a smaller number of diseases. Accordingly, infections that are not preventable by vaccination still affect millions of people every year.

Commonly, vaccines may be subdivided into “first”, “second” and “third” generation vaccines. “First generation” vaccines are, typically, whole-organism vaccines. They are based on either live and attenuated or killed pathogens, e.g. viruses, bacteria or the like. The major drawback of live and attenuated vaccines is the risk for a reversion to life-threatening variants. Thus, although attenuated, such pathogens may still intrinsically bear unpredictable risks. Killed pathogens may not be as effective as desired for generating a specific immune response. In order to minimize these risks, “second generation” vaccines were developed. These are, typically, subunit vaccines, consisting of defined antigens or recombinant protein components which are derived from pathogens.

Genetic vaccines, i.e. vaccines for genetic vaccination, are usually understood as “third generation” vaccines. They are typically composed of genetically engineered nucleic acid molecules which allow expression of peptide or protein (antigen) fragments characteristic for a pathogen or a tumor antigen in vivo. Genetic vaccines are expressed upon administration to a patient and uptake by competent cells. Expression of the administered nucleic acids results in production of the encoded proteins. In the event these proteins are recognized as foreign by the patient's immune system, an immune response is triggered.

As can be seen from the above, both methods, gene therapy and genetic vaccination, are essentially based on the administration of nucleic acid molecules to a patient and subsequent transcription and/or translation of the encoded genetic information. Alternatively, genetic vaccination or gene therapy may also comprise methods which include isolation of specific body cells from a patient to be treated, subsequent in vitro transfection of such cells, and re-administration of the treated cells to the patient.

DNA as well as RNA may be used as nucleic acid molecules for administration in the context of gene therapy or genetic vaccination. DNA is known to be relatively stable and easy to handle. However, the use of DNA bears the risk of undesired insertion of the administered DNA-fragments into the patient's genome potentially resulting in loss of function of the impaired genes. As a further risk, the undesired generation of anti-DNA antibodies has emerged. Another drawback is the limited expression level of the encoded peptide or protein that is achievable upon DNA administration and its transcription/translation. Among other reasons, the expression level of the administered DNA will be dependent on the presence of specific transcription factors which regulate DNA transcription. In the absence of such factors, DNA transcription will not yield satisfying amounts of RNA. As a result, the level of translated peptide or protein obtained is limited.

By using RNA instead of DNA for gene therapy or genetic vaccination, the risk of undesired genomic integration and generation of anti-DNA antibodies is minimized or avoided. However, RNA is considered to be a rather unstable molecular species which may readily be degraded by ubiquitous RNAses.

In vivo, RNA-degradation contributes to the regulation of the RNA half-life time. That effect was considered and proven to fine tune the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression (Friedel et al., Conserved principles of mammalian transcriptional regulation revealed by RNA half-life, Nucleic Acid Research, 2009, 1-12). Accordingly, each naturally occurring mRNA has its individual half-life depending on the gene from which the mRNA is derived. It contributes to the regulation of the expression level of this gene. Unstable RNAs are important to realize transient gene expression at distinct points in time. However, long-lived RNAs may be associated with accumulation of distinct proteins or continuous expression of genes. In vivo, the half life of mRNAs may also be dependent on environmental factors, such as hormonal treatment, as has been shown, e.g., for insulin-like growth factor I, actin, and albumin mRNA (Johnson et al., Newly synthesized RNA: Simultaneous measurement in intact cells of transcription rates and RNA stability of insulin-like growth factor I, actin, and albumin in growth hormone-stimulated hepatocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 88, pp. 5287-5291, 1991).

For gene therapy and genetic vaccination, usually stable RNA is desired. This is, on the one hand, due to the fact that the product encoded by the RNA-sequence shall accumulate in vivo. On the other hand, the RNA has to maintain its structural and functional integrity when prepared for a suitable dosage form, in the course of its storage, and when administered. Thus, considerable attention was dedicated to provide stable RNA molecules for gene therapy or genetic vaccination in order to prevent them from being subject to early degradation or decay.

It has been reported that the G/C-content of nucleic acid molecules may influence their stability. Thus, nucleic acids comprising an increased amount of guanine (G) and/or cytosine (C) residues may be functionally more stable than nucleic acids containing a large amount of adenine (A) and thymine (T) or uracil (U) nucleotides. In this context, WO02/098443 provides a pharmaceutical composition containing an mRNA that is stabilised by sequence modifications in the translated region. Such a sequence modification takes advantage of the degeneracy of the genetic code. Accordingly, codons which contain a less favourable combination of nucleotides (less favourable in terms of RNA stability) may be substituted by alternative codons without altering the encoded amino acid sequence. This method of RNA stabilization is limited by the provisions of the specific nucleotide sequence of each single RNA molecule which is not allowed to leave the space of the desired amino acid sequence. Also, that approach is restricted to coding regions of the RNA.

As an alternative option for mRNA stabilisation, it has been found that naturally occurring eukaryotic mRNA molecules contain characteristic stabilising elements. For example, they may comprise so-called untranslated regions (UTR) at their 5′-end (5′UTR) and/or at their 3′-end (3′UTR) as well as other structural features, such as a 5′-cap structure or a 3′-poly(A) tail. Both, 5′UTR and 3′UTR are typically transcribed from the genomic DNA and are, thus, an element of the premature mRNA. Characteristic structural features of mature mRNA, such as the 5′-cap and the 3′-poly(A) tail (also called poly(A) tail or poly(A) sequence) are usually added to the transcribed (premature) mRNA during mRNA processing.

A 3′-poly(A) tail is typically a monotonous sequence stretch of adenine nucleotides added to the 3′-end of the transcribed mRNA. It may comprise up to about 400 adenine nucleotides. It was found that the length of such a 3′-poly(A) tail is a potentially critical element for the stability of the individual mRNA.

Nearly all eukaryotic mRNAs end with such a poly(A) sequence that is added to their 3′ end by the ubiquitous cleavage/polyadenylation machinery. The presence of a poly(A) sequence at the 3′ end is one of the most recognizable features of eukaryotic mRNAs. After cleavage, most pre-mRNAs, with the exception of replication-dependent histone transcripts, acquire a polyadenylated tail. In this context, 3′ end processing is a nuclear co-transcriptional process that promotes transport of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and affects the stability and the translation of mRNAs. Formation of this 3′ end occurs in a two step reaction directed by the cleavage/polyadenylation machinery and depends on the presence of two sequence elements in mRNA precursors (pre-mRNAs); a highly conserved hexanucleotide AAUAAA (polyadenylation signal) and a downstream G/U-rich sequence. In a first step, pre-mRNAs are cleaved between these two elements. In a second step tightly coupled to the first step the newly formed 3′ end is extended by addition of a poly(A) sequence consisting of 200-250 adenylates which affects subsequently all aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNA export, stability and translation (Dominski, Z. and W. F. Marzluff (2007), Gene 396(2): 373-90.).

The only known exception to this rule are the replication-dependent histone mRNAs which terminate with a histone stem-loop instead of a poly(A) sequence. Exemplary histone stem-loop sequences are described in López et al. (Dávila López, M., & Samuelsson, T. (2008), RNA (New York, N.Y.), 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1261/rna.782308.).

The stem-loops in histone pre-mRNAs are typically followed by a purine-rich sequence known as the histone downstream element (HDE). These pre-mRNAs are processed in the nucleus by a single endonucleolytic cleavage approximately 5 nucleotides downstream of the stem-loop, catalyzed by the U7 snRNP through base pairing of the U7 snRNA with the HDE.

Due to the requirement to package newly synthesized DNA into chromatin, histone synthesis is regulated in concert with the cell cycle. Increased synthesis of histone proteins during S phase is achieved by transcriptional activation of histone genes as well as posttranscriptional regulation of histone mRNA levels. It could be shown that the histone stem-loop is essential for all posttranscriptional steps of histone expression regulation. It is necessary for efficient processing, export of the mRNA into the cytoplasm, loading onto polyribosomes, and regulation of mRNA stability.

In the above context, a 32 kDa protein was identified, which is associated with the histone stem-loop at the 3′-end of the histone messages in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The expression level of this stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) is cell-cycle regulated and is highest during S-phase when histone mRNA levels are increased. SLBP is necessary for efficient 3′-end processing of histone pre-mRNA by the U7 snRNP. After completion of processing, SLBP remains associated with the stem-loop at the end of mature histone mRNAs and stimulates their translation into histone proteins in the cytoplasm. (Dominski, Z. and W. F. Marzluff (2007), Gene 396(2): 373-90). Interestingly, the RNA binding domain of SLBP is conserved throughout metazoa and protozoa (Dávila López, M., & Samuelsson, T. (2008), RNA (New York, N.Y.), 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1261/rna.782308) and it could be shown that its binding to the histone stem-loop sequence is dependent on the stem-loop structure and that the minimum binding site contains at least 3 nucleotides 5′ and 2 nucleotides 3′ of the stem-loop (Pandey, N. B., et al. (1994), Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14(3), 1709-1720 and Williams, A. S., & Marzluff, W. F., (1995), Nucleic Acids Research, 23(4), 654-662.).

Even though histone genes are generally classified as either “replication-dependent”, giving rise to mRNA ending in a histone stem-loop, or “replacement-type”, giving rise to mRNA bearing a poly(A)-tail instead, naturally occurring mRNAs containing both a histone stem-loop and poly(A) or oligo(A) 3′ thereof have been identified in some very rare cases. Sanchez et al. examined the effect of naturally occurring oligo(A) tails appended 3′ of the histone stem-loop of histone mRNA during Xenopus oogenesis using Luciferase as a reporter protein and found that the oligo(A) tail is an active part of the translation repression mechanism that silences histone mRNA during oogenesis and its removal is part of the mechanism that activates translation of histone mRNAs (Sanchez, R. and W. F. Marzluff (2004), Mol Cell Biol 24(6): 2513-25).

Furthermore, the requirements for regulation of replication dependent histones at the level of pre-mRNA processing and mRNA stability have been investigated using artificial constructs coding for the marker protein alpha globin, taking advantage of the fact that the globin gene contains introns as opposed to the intron-less histone genes. For this purpose constructs were generated in which the alpha globin coding sequence was followed by a histone stem-loop signal (histone stem-loop followed by the histone downstream element) and a polyadenylation signal (Whitelaw, E., et al. (1986). Nucleic Acids Research, 14(17), 7059-7070; Pandey, N. B., & Marzluff, W. F. (1987). Molecular and Cellular Biology, 7(12), 4557-4559; Pandey, N. B., et al. (1990). Nucleic Acids Research, 18(11), 3161-3170).

Also, it was shown that the 3′UTR of a-globin mRNA may be an important factor for the well-known stability of a-globin mRNA (Rodgers et al., Regulated a-globin mRNA decay is a cytoplasmic event proceeding through 3′-to-5′ exosome-dependent decapping, RNA, 8, pp. 1526-1537, 2002). The 3′UTR of α-globin mRNA is obviously involved in the formation of a specific ribonucleoprotein-complex, the α-complex, whose presence correlates with mRNA stability in vitro (Wang et al., An mRNA stability complex functions with poly(A)-binding protein to stabilize mRNA in vitro, Molecular and Cellular biology, Vol 19, No. 7, July 1999, p. 4552-4560).

Irrespective of factors influencing mRNA stability, effective translation of the administered nucleic acid molecules by the target cells or tissue is crucial for any approach using nucleic acid molecules for gene therapy or genetic vaccination. Along with the regulation of stability, also translation of the majority of mRNAs is regulated by structural features like UTRs, 5′-cap and 3′-poly(A) tail. In this context, it has been reported that the length of the poly(A) tail may play an important role for translational efficiency as well. Stabilizing 3′-elements, however, may also have an attenuating effect on translation.

Further regulative elements, which may have an influence on expression levels, may be found in the 5′UTR. For example, it has been reported that synthesis of particular proteins, e.g. proteins belonging to the translational apparatus, may be regulated not only at the transcriptional but also at the translational level. For example, translation of proteins encoded by so called ‘TOP-genes’ may be down-regulated by translational repression. Therein, the term ‘TOP-gene’ relates to a gene corresponding to an mRNA that is characterized by the presence of a TOP sequence at the 5′end and in most cases by a growth-associated translation regulation (Iadevaia et al., All translation elongation factors and the e, f, and h subunits of translation initiation factor 3 are encoded by 5′-terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) mRNAs; RNA, 2008, 14:1730-1736). In this context, a TOP sequence—also called the ‘5’-terminal oligopyrimidine tract′—typically consists of a C residue at the cap site, followed by an uninterrupted sequence of up to 13 or even more pyrimidines (Avni et al., Vertebrate mRNAs with a 5′-terminal pyrimidine tract are Candidates for translational repression in quiescent cells: characterization of the translational cis-regulatory element, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 1994, p. 3822-3833). These TOP sequences are reported to be present in many mRNAs encoding components of the translational machinery and to be responsible for selective repression of the translation of these TOP containing mRNAs due to growth arrest (Meyuhas, et al., Translational Control of Ribosomal Protein mRNAs in Eukaryotes, Translational Control. Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Archive. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996, p. 363-388).

It is the object of the invention to provide nucleic acid molecules which may be suitable for application in gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination. Particularly, it is the object of the invention to provide artificial nucleic acid molecules, such as an mRNA species, which provide for increased protein production from said artificial nucleic acid molecules, preferably which exhibit increased translational efficiency. Another object of the present invention is to provide nucleic acid molecules coding for such a superior mRNA species which may be amenable for use in gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition for use in gene therapy and/or genetic vaccination. In summary, it is the object of the present invention to provide improved nucleic acid species which overcome the above discussed disadvantages of the prior art by a cost-effective and straight-forward approach.

The object underlying the present invention is solved by the claimed subject-matter.

For the sake of clarity and readability the following definitions are provided. Any technical feature mentioned for these definitions may be read on each and every embodiment of the invention. Additional definitions and explanations may be specifically provided in the context of these embodiments.

Adaptive immune response: The adaptive immune response is typically understood to be an antigen-specific response of the immune system. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is usually maintained in the body by “memory cells”. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. In this context, the first step of an adaptive immune response is the activation of naïve antigen-specific T cells or different immune cells able to induce an antigen-specific immune response by antigen-presenting cells. This occurs in the lymphoid tissues and organs through which naïve T cells are constantly passing. The three cell types that may serve as antigen-presenting cells are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Each of these cells has a distinct function in eliciting immune responses. Dendritic cells may take up antigens by phagocytosis and macropinocytosis and may become stimulated by contact with e.g. a foreign antigen to migrate to the local lymphoid tissue, where they differentiate into mature dendritic cells. Macrophages ingest particulate antigens such as bacteria and are induced by infectious agents or other appropriate stimuli to express MHC molecules. The unique ability of B cells to bind and internalize soluble protein antigens via their receptors may also be important to induce T cells. MHC-molecules are, typically, responsible for presentation of an antigen to T-cells. Therein, presenting the antigen on MHC molecules leads to activation of T cells which induces their proliferation and differentiation into armed effector T cells. The most important function of effector T cells is the killing of infected cells by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and the activation of macrophages by Th1 cells which together make up cell-mediated immunity, and the activation of B cells by both Th2 and Th1 cells to produce different classes of antibody, thus driving the humoral immune response. T cells recognize an antigen by their T cell receptors which do not recognize and bind the antigen directly, but instead recognize short peptide fragments e.g. of pathogen-derived protein antigens, e.g. so-called epitopes, which are bound to MHC molecules on the surfaces of other cells.

Adaptive immune system: The adaptive immune system is essentially dedicated to eliminate or prevent pathogenic growth. It typically regulates the adaptive immune response by providing the vertebrate immune system with the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens (to generate immunity), and to mount stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered. The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all of the progeny (offspring) of such a cell will then inherit genes encoding the same receptor specificity, including the Memory B cells and Memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.

Adjuvant/adjuvant component: An adjuvant or an adjuvant component in the broadest sense is typically a pharmacological and/or immunological agent that may modify, e.g. enhance, the effect of other agents, such as a drug or vaccine. It is to be interpreted in a broad sense and refers to a broad spectrum of substances. Typically, these substances are able to increase the immunogenicity of antigens. For example, adjuvants may be recognized by the innate immune systems and, e.g., may elicit an innate immune response. “Adjuvants” typically do not elicit an adaptive immune response. Insofar, “adjuvants” do not qualify as antigens. Their mode of action is distinct from the effects triggered by antigens resulting in an adaptive immune response.

Antigen: In the context of the present invention “antigen” refers typically to a substance which may be recognized by the immune system, preferably by the adaptive immune system, and is capable of triggering an antigen-specific immune response, e.g. by formation of antibodies and/or antigen-specific T cells as part of an adaptive immune response. Typically, an antigen may be or may comprise a peptide or protein which may be presented by the MHC to T-cells.

Artificial nucleic acid molecule: An artificial nucleic acid molecule may typically be understood to be a nucleic acid molecule, e.g. a DNA or an RNA, that does not occur naturally. In other words, an artificial nucleic acid molecule may be understood as a non-natural nucleic acid molecule. Such nucleic acid molecule may be non-natural due to its individual sequence (which does not occur naturally) and/or due to other modifications, e.g. structural modifications of nucleotides which do not occur naturally. An artificial nucleic acid molecule may be a DNA molecule, an RNA molecule or a hybrid-molecule comprising DNA and RNA portions. Typically, artificial nucleic acid molecules may be designed and/or generated by genetic engineering methods to correspond to a desired artificial sequence of nucleotides (heterologous sequence). In this context an artificial sequence is usually a sequence that may not occur naturally, i.e. it differs from the wild type sequence by at least one nucleotide. The term ‘wild type’ may be understood as a sequence occurring in nature. Further, the term ‘artificial nucleic acid molecule’ is not restricted to mean ‘one single molecule’ but is, typically, understood to comprise an ensemble of identical molecules. Accordingly, it may relate to a plurality of identical molecules contained in an aliquot.

Bicistronic RNA, multicistronic RNA: A bicistronic or multicistronic RNA is typically an RNA, preferably an mRNA, that typically may have two (bicistronic) or more (multicistronic) open reading frames (ORF). An open reading frame in this context is a sequence of codons that is translatable into a peptide or protein.

Carrier/polymeric carrier: A carrier in the context of the invention may typically be a compound that facilitates transport and/or complexation of another compound (cargo). A polymeric carrier is typically a carrier that is formed of a polymer. A carrier may be associated to its cargo by covalent or non-covalent interaction. A carrier may transport nucleic acids, e.g. RNA or DNA, to the target cells. The carrier may—for some embodiments—be a cationic component.

Cationic component: The term “cationic component” typically refers to a charged molecule, which is positively charged (cation) at a pH value typically from 1 to 9, preferably at a pH value of or below 9 (e.g. from 5 to 9), of or below 8 (e.g. from 5 to 8), of or below 7 (e.g. from 5 to 7), most preferably at a physiological pH, e.g. from 7.3 to 7.4. Accordingly, a cationic component may be any positively charged compound or polymer, preferably a cationic peptide or protein which is positively charged under physiological conditions, particularly under physiological conditions in vivo. A ‘cationic peptide or protein’ may contain at least one positively charged amino acid, or more than one positively charged amino acid, e.g. selected from Arg, His, Lys or Orn. Accordingly, ‘polycationic’ components are also within the scope exhibiting more than one positive charge under the conditions given.

5′-cap: A 5′-cap is an entity, typically a modified nucleotide entity, which generally ‘caps’ the 5′-end of a mature mRNA. A 5′-cap may typically be formed by a modified nucleotide, particularly by a derivative of a guanine nucleotide. Preferably, the 5′-cap is linked to the 5′-terminus via a 5′-5′-triphosphate linkage. A 5′-cap may be methylated, e.g. m7GpppN, wherein N is the terminal 5′ nucleotide of the nucleic acid carrying the 5′-cap, typically the 5′-end of an RNA. Further examples of 5′cap structures include glyceryl, inverted deoxy abasic residue (moiety), 4%5′ methylene nucleotide, 1-(beta-D-erythrofuranosyl) nucleotide, 4′-thio nucleotide, carbocyclic nucleotide, 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleotide, L-nucleotides, alpha-nucleotide, modified base nucleotide, threo-pentofuranosyl nucleotide, acyclic 3′,4′-seco nucleotide, acyclic 3,4-dihydroxybutyl nucleotide, acyclic 3,5 dihydroxypentyl nucleotide, 3′-3′-inverted nucleotide moiety, 3′-3′-inverted abasic moiety, 3′-2′-inverted nucleotide moiety, 3′-2′-inverted abasic moiety, 1,4-butanediol phosphate, 3′-phosphoramidate, hexylphosphate, aminohexyl phosphate, 3′-phosphate, 3′phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or bridging or non-bridging methylphosphonate moiety.

Cellular immunity/cellular immune response: Cellular immunity relates typically to the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In more general terms, cellular immunity is not based on antibodies, but on the activation of cells of the immune system. Typically, a cellular immune response may be characterized e.g. by activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that are able to induce apoptosis in cells, e.g. specific immune cells like dendritic cells or other cells, displaying epitopes of foreign antigens on their surface. Such cells may be virus-infected or infected with intracellular bacteria, or cancer cells displaying tumor antigens. Further characteristics may be activation of macrophages and natural killer cells, enabling them to destroy pathogens and stimulation of cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses.

DNA: DNA is the usual abbreviation for deoxy-ribonucleic-acid. It is a nucleic acid molecule, i.e. a polymer consisting of nucleotides. These nucleotides are usually deoxy-adenosine-monophosphate, deoxy-thymidine-monophosphate, deoxy-guanosine-monophosphate and deoxycytidine-monophosphate monomers which are—by themselves—composed of a sugar moiety (deoxyribose), a base moiety and a phosphate moiety, and polymerise by a characteristic backbone structure. The backbone structure is, typically, formed by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar moiety of the nucleotide, i.e. deoxyribose, of a first and a phosphate moiety of a second, adjacent monomer. The specific order of the monomers, i.e. the order of the bases linked to the sugar/phosphate-backbone, is called the DNA-sequence. DNA may be single stranded or double stranded. In the double stranded form, the nucleotides of the first strand typically hybridize with the nucleotides of the second strand, e.g. by A/T-base-pairing and G/C-base-pairing.

Epitope: Epitopes (also called ‘antigen determinant’) can be distinguished in T cell epitopes and B cell epitopes. T cell epitopes or parts of the proteins in the context of the present invention may comprise fragments preferably having a length of about 6 to about 20 or even more amino acids, e.g. fragments as processed and presented by MHC class I molecules, preferably having a length of about 8 to about 10 amino acids, e.g. 8, 9, or 10, (or even 11, or 12 amino acids), or fragments as processed and presented by MHC class II molecules, preferably having a length of about 13 or more amino acids, e.g. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or even more amino acids, wherein these fragments may be selected from any part of the amino acid sequence. These fragments are typically recognized by T cells in form of a complex consisting of the peptide fragment and an MHC molecule, i.e. the fragments are typically not recognized in their native form. B cell epitopes are typically fragments located on the outer surface of (native) protein or peptide antigens as defined herein, preferably having 5 to 15 amino acids, more preferably having 5 to 12 amino acids, even more preferably having 6 to 9 amino acids, which may be recognized by antibodies, i.e. in their native form.

Such epitopes of proteins or peptides may furthermore be selected from any of the herein mentioned variants of such proteins or peptides. In this context antigenic determinants can be conformational or discontinuous epitopes which are composed of segments of the proteins or peptides as defined herein that are discontinuous in the amino acid sequence of the proteins or peptides as defined herein but are brought together in the three-dimensional structure or continuous or linear epitopes which are composed of a single polypeptide chain.

Fragment of a sequence: A fragment of a sequence may typically be a shorter portion of a full-length sequence of e.g. a nucleic acid molecule or an amino acid sequence. Accordingly, a fragment, typically, consists of a sequence that is identical to the corresponding stretch within the full-length sequence. A preferred fragment of a sequence in the context of the present invention, consists of a continuous stretch of entities, such as nucleotides or amino acids corresponding to a continuous stretch of entities in the molecule the fragment is derived from, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, and most preferably at least 80% of the total (i.e. full-length) molecule from which the fragment is derived.

G/C modified: A G/C-modified nucleic acid may typically be a nucleic acid, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, based on a modified wild-type sequence comprising a preferably increased number of guanosine and/or cytosine nucleotides as compared to the wild-type sequence. Such an increased number may be generated by substitution of codons containing adenosine or thymidine nucleotides by codons containing guanosine or cytosine nucleotides. If the enriched G/C content occurs in a coding region of DNA or RNA, it makes use of the degeneracy of the genetic code. Accordingly, the codon substitutions preferably do not alter the encoded amino acid residues, but exclusively increase the G/C content of the nucleic acid molecule.

Gene therapy: Gene therapy may typically be understood to mean a treatment of a patient's body or isolated elements of a patient's body, for example isolated tissues/cells, by nucleic acids encoding a peptide or protein. It typically may comprise at least one of the steps of a) administration of a nucleic acid, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, directly to the patient—by whatever administration route—or in vitro to isolated cells/tissues of the patient, which results in transfection of the patient's cells either in vivo/ex vivo or in vitro; b) transcription and/or translation of the introduced nucleic acid molecule; and optionally c) re-administration of isolated, transfected cells to the patient, if the nucleic acid has not been administered directly to the patient.

Genetic vaccination: Genetic vaccination may typically be understood to be vaccination by administration of a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antigen or an immunogen or fragments thereof. The nucleic acid molecule may be administered to a subject's body or to isolated cells of a subject. Upon transfection of certain cells of the body or upon transfection of the isolated cells, the antigen or immunogen may be expressed by those cells and subsequently presented to the immune system, eliciting an adaptive, i.e. antigen-specific immune response. Accordingly, genetic vaccination typically comprises at least one of the steps of a) administration of a nucleic acid, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, to a subject, preferably a patient, or to isolated cells of a subject, preferably a patient, which usually results in transfection of the subject's cells either in vivo or in vitro; b) transcription and/or translation of the introduced nucleic acid molecule; and optionally c) re-administration of isolated, transfected cells to the subject, preferably the patient, if the nucleic acid has not been administered directly to the patient.

Heterologous sequence: Two sequences are typically understood to be ‘heterologous’ if they are not derivable from the same gene. I.e., although heterologous sequences may be derivable from the same organism, they naturally (in nature) do not occur in the same nucleic acid molecule, such as in the same mRNA.

Humoral immunity/humoral immune response: Humoral immunity refers typically to antibody production and optionally to accessory processes accompanying antibody production. A humoral immune response may be typically characterized, e.g., by Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cell generation. Humoral immunity also typically may refer to the effector functions of antibodies, which include pathogen and toxin neutralization, classical complement activation, and opsonin promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination.

Immunogen: In the context of the present invention an immunogen may be typically understood to be a compound that is able to stimulate an immune response. Preferably, an immunogen is a peptide, polypeptide, or protein. In a particularly preferred embodiment, an immunogen in the sense of the present invention is the product of translation of a provided nucleic acid molecule, preferably an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein. Typically, an immunogen elicits at least an adaptive immune response.

Immunostimulatory composition: In the context of the invention, an immunostimulatory composition may be typically understood to be a composition containing at least one component which is able to induce an immune response or from which a component which is able to induce an immune response is derivable. Such immune response may be preferably an innate immune response or a combination of an adaptive and an innate immune response. Preferably, an immunostimulatory composition in the context of the invention contains at least one artificial nucleic acid molecule, more preferably an RNA, for example an mRNA molecule. The immunostimulatory component, such as the mRNA may be complexed with a suitable carrier. Thus, the immunostimulatory composition may comprise an mRNA/carrier-complex. Furthermore, the immunostimulatory composition may comprise an adjuvant and/or a suitable vehicle for the immunostimulatory component, such as the mRNA.

Immune response: An immune response may typically be a specific reaction of the adaptive immune system to a particular antigen (so called specific or adaptive immune response) or an unspecific reaction of the innate immune system (so called unspecific or innate immune response), or a combination thereof.

Immune system: The immune system may protect organisms from infection. If a pathogen succeeds in passing a physical barrier of an organism and enters this organism, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. If pathogens evade this innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered. According to this, the immune system comprises the innate and the adaptive immune system. Each of these two parts typically contains so called humoral and cellular components.

Immunostimulatory RNA: An immunostimulatory RNA (isRNA) in the context of the invention may typically be an RNA that is able to induce an innate immune response. It usually does not have an open reading frame and thus does not provide a peptide-antigen or immunogen but elicits an immune response e.g. by binding to a specific kind of Toll-like-receptor (TLR) or other suitable receptors. However, of course also mRNAs having an open reading frame and coding for a peptide/protein may induce an innate immune response and, thus, may be immunostimulatory RNAs.

Innate immune system: The innate immune system, also known as non-specific (or unspecific) immune system, typically comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a non-specific manner. This means that the cells of the innate system may recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but unlike the adaptive immune system, it does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. The innate immune system may be, e.g., activated by ligands of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or other auxiliary substances such as lipopolysaccharides, TNF-alpha, CD40 ligand, or cytokines, monokines, lymphokines, interleukins or chemokines, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-25, IL-26, IL-27, IL-28, IL-29, IL-30, IL-31, IL-32, IL-33, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, LT-beta, TNF-alpha, growth factors, and hGH, a ligand of human Toll-like receptor TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, a ligand of murine Toll-like receptor TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12 or TLR13, a ligand of a NOD-like receptor, a ligand of a RIG-I like receptor, an immunostimulatory nucleic acid, an immunostimulatory RNA (isRNA), a CpG-DNA, an antibacterial agent, or an anti-viral agent. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more such substances. Typically, a response of the innate immune system includes recruiting immune cells to sites of infection, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines; activation of the complement cascade; identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, the blood and lymph, by specialized white blood cells; activation of the adaptive immune system; and/or acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.

Cloning site: A cloning site is typically understood to be a segment of a nucleic acid molecule, which is suitable for insertion of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame. Insertion may be performed by any molecular biological method known to the one skilled in the art, e.g. by restriction and ligation. A cloning site typically comprises one or more restriction enzyme recognition sites (restriction sites). These one or more restrictions sites may be recognized by restriction enzymes which cleave the DNA at these sites. A cloning site which comprises more than one restriction site may also be termed a multiple cloning site (MCS) or a polylinker.

Nucleic acid molecule: A nucleic acid molecule is a molecule comprising, preferably consisting of nucleic acid components. The term nucleic acid molecule preferably refers to DNA or RNA molecules. It is preferably used synonymous with the term “polynucleotide”. Preferably, a nucleic acid molecule is a polymer comprising or consisting of nucleotide monomers which are covalently linked to each other by phosphodiester-bonds of a sugar/phosphate-backbone. The term “nucleic acid molecule” also encompasses modified nucleic acid molecules, such as base-modified, sugar-modified or backbone-modified etc. DNA or RNA molecules.

Open reading frame: An open reading frame (ORF) in the context of the invention may typically be a sequence of several nucleotide triplets which may be translated into a peptide or protein. An open reading frame preferably contains a start codon, i.e. a combination of three subsequent nucleotides coding usually for the amino acid methionine (ATG or AUG), at its 5′-end and a subsequent region which usually exhibits a length which is a multiple of 3 nucleotides. An ORF is preferably terminated by a stop-codon (e.g., TAA, TAG, TGA). Typically, this is the only stop-codon of the open reading frame. Thus, an open reading frame in the context of the present invention is preferably a nucleotide sequence, consisting of a number of nucleotides that may be divided by three, which starts with a start codon (e.g. ATG or AUG) and which preferably terminates with a stop codon (e.g., TAA, TGA, or TAG or UAA, UAG, UGA, respectively). The open reading frame may be isolated or it may be incorporated in a longer nucleic acid sequence, for example in a vector or an mRNA. An open reading frame may also be termed ‘protein coding region’.

Peptide: A peptide or polypeptide is typically a polymer of amino acid monomers, linked by peptide bonds. It typically contains less than 50 monomer units. Nevertheless, the term peptide is not a disclaimer for molecules having more than 50 monomer units. Long peptides are also called polypeptides, typically having between 50 and 600 monomeric units.

Pharmaceutically effective amount: A pharmaceutically effective amount in the context of the invention is typically understood to be an amount that is sufficient to induce a pharmaceutical effect, such as an immune response, altering a pathological level of an expressed peptide or protein, or substituting a lacking gene product, e.g., in case of a pathological situation.

Protein A protein typically comprises one or more peptides or polypeptides. A protein is typically folded into 3-dimensional form, which may be required for to protein to exert its biological function.

Poly(A) sequence: A poly(A) sequence, also called poly(A) tail or 3′-poly(A) tail, is typically understood to be a sequence of adenine nucleotides, e.g., of up to about 400 adenine nucleotides, e.g. from about 20 to about 400, preferably from about 50 to about 400, more preferably from about 50 to about 300, even more preferably from about 50 to about 250, most preferably from about 60 to about 250 adenine nucleotides. A poly(A) sequence is typically located at the 3′end of an mRNA. In the context of the present invention, a poly(A) sequence may be located within an mRNA or any other nucleic acid molecule, such as, e.g., in a vector, for example, in a vector serving as template for the generation of an RNA, preferably an mRNA, e.g., by transcription of the vector.

Polyadenylation: Polyadenylation is typically understood to be the addition of a poly(A) sequence to a nucleic acid molecule, such as an RNA molecule, e.g. to a premature mRNA. Polyadenylation may be induced by a so called polyadenylation signal. This signal is preferably located within a stretch of nucleotides at the 3′-end of a nucleic acid molecule, such as an RNA molecule, to be polyadenylated. A polyadenylation signal typically comprises a hexamer consisting of adenine and uracil/thymine nucleotides, preferably the hexamer sequence AAUAAA. Other sequences, preferably hexamer sequences, are also conceivable. Polyadenylation typically occurs during processing of a pre-mRNA (also called premature-mRNA). Typically, RNA maturation (from pre-mRNA to mature mRNA) comprises the step of polyadenylation.

Restriction site: A restriction site, also termed ‘restriction enzyme recognition site’, is a nucleotide sequence recognized by a restriction enzyme. A restriction site is typically a short, preferably palindromic nucleotide sequence, e.g. a sequence comprising 4 to 8 nucleotides. A restriction site is preferably specifically recognized by a restriction enzyme. The restriction enzyme typically cleaves a nucleotide sequence comprising a restriction site at this site. In a double-stranded nucleotide sequence, such as a double-stranded DNA sequence, the restriction enzyme typically cuts both strands of the nucleotide sequence.

RNA, mRNA: RNA is the usual abbreviation for ribonucleic-acid. It is a nucleic acid molecule, i.e. a polymer consisting of nucleotides. These nucleotides are usually adenosine-monophosphate, uridine-monophosphate, guanosine-monophosphate and cytidine-monophosphate monomers which are connected to each other along a so-called backbone. The backbone is formed by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar, i.e. ribose, of a first and a phosphate moiety of a second, adjacent monomer. The specific succession of the monomers is called the RNA-sequence. Usually RNA may be obtainable by transcription of a DNA-sequence, e.g., inside a cell. In eukaryotic cells, transcription is typically performed inside the nucleus or the mitochondria. In vivo, transcription of DNA usually results in the so-called premature RNA which has to be processed into so-called messenger-RNA, usually abbreviated as mRNA. Processing of the premature RNA, e.g. in eukaryotic organisms, comprises a variety of different posttranscriptional-modifications such as splicing, 5′-capping, polyadenylation, export from the nucleus or the mitochondria and the like. The sum of these processes is also called maturation of RNA. The mature messenger RNA usually provides the nucleotide sequence that may be translated into an amino acid sequence of a particular peptide or protein. Typically, a mature mRNA comprises a 5′-cap, a 5′UTR, an open reading frame, a 3′UTR and a poly(A) sequence. Aside from messenger RNA, several non-coding types of RNA exist which may be involved in regulation of transcription and/or translation.

Sequence of a nucleic acid molecule: The sequence of a nucleic acid molecule is typically understood to be the particular and individual order, i.e. the succession of its nucleotides. The sequence of a protein or peptide is typically understood to be the order, i.e. the succession of its amino acids.

Sequence identity: Two or more sequences are identical if they exhibit the same length and order of nucleotides or amino acids. The percentage of identity typically describes the extent to which two sequences are identical, i.e. it typically describes the percentage of nucleotides that correspond in their sequence position with identical nucleotides of a reference-sequence. For determination of the degree of identity, the sequences to be compared are considered to exhibit the same length, i.e. the length of the longest sequence of the sequences to be compared. This means that a first sequence consisting of 8 nucleotides is 80% identical to a second sequence consisting of 10 nucleotides comprising the first sequence. In other words, in the context of the present invention, identity of sequences preferably relates to the percentage of nucleotides of a sequence which have the same position in two or more sequences having the same length. Gaps are usually regarded as non-identical positions, irrespective of their actual position in an alignment.

Stabilized nucleic acid molecule: A stabilized nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule, preferably a DNA or RNA molecule that is modified such, that it is more stable to disintegration or degradation, e.g., by environmental factors or enzymatic digest, such as by an exo- or endonuclease degradation, than the nucleic acid molecule without the modification. Preferably, a stabilized nucleic acid molecule in the context of the present invention is stabilized in a cell, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. The stabilization effect may also be exerted outside of cells, e.g. in a buffer solution etc., for example, in a manufacturing process for a pharmaceutical composition comprising the stabilized nucleic acid molecule.

Transfection: The term ‘transfection’ refers to the introduction of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA (e.g. mRNA) molecules, into cells, preferably into eukaryotic cells. In the context of the present invention, the term ‘transfection’ encompasses any method known to the skilled person for introducing nucleic acid molecules into cells, preferably into eukaryotic cells, such as into mammalian cells. Such methods encompass, for example, electroporation, lipofection, e.g. based on cationic lipids and/or liposomes, calcium phosphate precipitation, nanoparticle based transfection, virus based transfection, or transfection based on cationic polymers, such as DEAE-dextran or polyethylenimine etc. Preferably, the introduction is non-viral.

Vaccine: A vaccine is typically understood to be a prophylactic or therapeutic material providing at least one antigen, preferably an immunogen. The antigen or immunogen may be derived from any material that is suitable for vaccination. For example, the antigen or immunogen may be derived from a pathogen, such as from bacteria or virus particles etc., or from a tumor or cancerous tissue. The antigen or immunogen stimulates the body's adaptive immune system to provide an adaptive immune response.

Vector: The term ‘vector’ refers to a nucleic acid molecule, preferably to an artificial nucleic acid molecule. A vector in the context of the present invention is suitable for incorporating or harboring a desired nucleic acid sequence, such as a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame. Such vectors may be storage vectors, expression vectors, cloning vectors, transfer vectors etc. A storage vector is a vector which allows the convenient storage of a nucleic acid molecule, for example, of an mRNA molecule. Thus, the vector may comprise a sequence corresponding, e.g., to a desired mRNA sequence or a part thereof, such as a sequence corresponding to the open reading frame and the 3′UTR of an mRNA. An expression vector may be used for production of expression products such as RNA, e.g. mRNA, or peptides, polypeptides or proteins. For example, an expression vector may comprise sequences needed for transcription of a sequence stretch of the vector, such as a promoter sequence, e.g. an RNA promoter sequence. A cloning vector is typically a vector that contains a cloning site, which may be used to incorporate nucleic acid sequences into the vector. A cloning vector may be, e.g., a plasmid vector or a bacteriophage vector. A transfer vector may be a vector which is suitable for transferring nucleic acid molecules into cells or organisms, for example, viral vectors. A vector in the context of the present invention may be, e.g., an RNA vector or a DNA vector. Preferably, a vector is a DNA molecule. Preferably, a vector in the sense of the present application comprises a cloning site, a selection marker, such as an antibiotic resistance factor, and a sequence suitable for multiplication of the vector, such as an origin of replication. Preferably, a vector in the context of the present application is a plasmid vector.

Vehicle: A vehicle is typically understood to be a material that is suitable for storing, transporting, and/or administering a compound, such as a pharmaceutically active compound. For example, it may be a physiologically acceptable liquid which is suitable for storing, transporting, and/or administering a pharmaceutically active compound.

3′-untranslated region (3′UTR): A 3′UTR is typically the part of an mRNA which is located between the protein coding region (i.e. the open reading frame) and the poly(A) sequence of the mRNA. A 3′UTR of the mRNA is not translated into an amino acid sequence. The 3′UTR sequence is generally encoded by the gene which is transcribed into the respective mRNA during the gene expression process. The genomic sequence is first transcribed into pre-mature mRNA, which comprises optional introns. The pre-mature mRNA is then further processed into mature mRNA in a maturation process. This maturation process comprises the steps of 5′capping, splicing the pre-mature mRNA to excise optional introns and modifications of the 3′-end, such as polyadenylation of the 3′-end of the pre-mature mRNA and optional endo- or exonuclease cleavages etc. In the context of the present invention, a 3′UTR corresponds to the sequence of a mature mRNA which is located 3′ to the stop codon of the protein coding region, preferably immediately 3′ to the stop codon of the protein coding region, and which extends to the 5′-side of the poly(A) sequence, preferably to the nucleotide immediately 5′ to the poly(A) sequence. The term “corresponds to” means that the 3′UTR sequence may be an RNA sequence, such as in the mRNA sequence used for defining the 3′UTR sequence, or a DNA sequence which corresponds to such RNA sequence. In the context of the present invention, the term “a 3′UTR of a gene”, such as “a 3′UTR of an albumin gene”, is the sequence which corresponds to the 3′UTR of the mature mRNA derived from this gene, i.e. the mRNA obtained by transcription of the gene and maturation of the pre-mature mRNA. The term “3′UTR of a gene” encompasses the DNA sequence and the RNA sequence of the 3′UTR.

5′-untranslated region (5′UTR): A 5′UTR is typically understood to be a particular section of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is located 5′ of the open reading frame of the mRNA. Typically, the 5′UTR starts with the transcriptional start site and ends one nucleotide before the start codon of the open reading frame. The 5′UTR may comprise elements for controlling gene expression, also called regulatory elements. Such regulatory elements may be, for example, ribosomal binding sites or a 5′-Terminal Oligopyrimidine Tract. The 5′UTR may be posttranscriptionally modified, for example by addition of a 5′-cap. In the context of the present invention, a 5′UTR corresponds to the sequence of a mature mRNA which is located between the 5′cap and the start codon. Preferably, the 5′UTR corresponds to the sequence which extends from a nucleotide located 3′ to the 5′-cap, preferably from the nucleotide located immediately 3′ to the 5′cap, to a nucleotide located 5′ to the start codon of the protein coding region, preferably to the nucleotide located immediately 5′ to the start codon of the protein coding region. The nucleotide located immediately 3′ to the 5′cap of a mature mRNA typically corresponds to the transcriptional start site. The term “corresponds to” means that the 5′UTR sequence may be an RNA sequence, such as in the mRNA sequence used for defining the 5′UTR sequence, or a DNA sequence which corresponds to such RNA sequence. In the context of the present invention, the term “a 5′UTR of a gene”, such as “a 5′UTR of a TOP gene”, is the sequence which corresponds to the 5′UTR of the mature mRNA derived from this gene, i.e. the mRNA obtained by transcription of the gene and maturation of the pre-mature mRNA. The term “5′UTR of a gene” encompasses the DNA sequence and the RNA sequence of the 5′UTR.

5′Terminal Oligopyrimidine Tract (TOP): The 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) is typically a stretch of pyrimidine nucleotides located at the 5′ terminal region of a nucleic acid molecule, such as the 5′ terminal region of certain mRNA molecules or the 5′ terminal region of a functional entity, e.g. the transcribed region, of certain genes. The sequence starts with a cytidine, which usually corresponds to the transcriptional start site, and is followed by a stretch of usually about 3 to 30 pyrimidine nucleotides. For example, the TOP may comprise 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or even more nucleotides. The pyrimidine stretch and thus the 5′ TOP ends one nucleotide 5′ to the first purine nucleotide located downstream of the TOP. Messenger RNA that contains a 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract is often referred to as 5′ TOP mRNA. Accordingly, genes that provide such messenger RNAs are referred to as TOP genes. TOP sequences have, for example, been found in genes and mRNAs encoding peptide elongation factors and ribosomal proteins.

TOP motif: In the context of the present invention, a TOP motif is a nucleic acid sequence which corresponds to a 5′TOP as defined above. Thus, a TOP motif in the context of the present invention is preferably a stretch of pyrimidine nucleotides having a length of 3-30 nucleotides. Preferably, the TOP-motif consists of at least 3 pyrimidine nucleotides, preferably at least 4 pyrimidine nucleotides, preferably at least 5 pyrimidine nucleotides, more preferably at least 6 nucleotides, more preferably at least 7 nucleotides, most preferably at least 8 pyrimidine nucleotides, wherein the stretch of pyrimidine nucleotides preferably starts at its 5′end with a cytosine nucleotide. In TOP genes and TOP mRNAs, the TOP-motif preferably starts at its 5′end with the transcriptional start site and ends one nucleotide 5′ to the first purin residue in said gene or mRNA. A TOP motif in the sense of the present invention is preferably located at the 5′end of a sequence which represents a 5′UTR or at the 5′end of a sequence which codes for a 5′UTR. Thus, preferably, a stretch of 3 or more pyrimidine nucleotides is called “TOP motif” in the sense of the present invention if this stretch is located at the 5′end of a respective sequence, such as the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the 5′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, or the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene as described herein. In other words, a stretch of 3 or more pyrimidine nucleotides which is not located at the 5′-end of a 5′UTR or a 5′UTR element but anywhere within a 5′UTR or a 5′UTR element is preferably not referred to as “TOP motif”.

TOP gene: TOP genes are typically characterised by the presence of a 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract. Furthermore, most TOP genes are characterized by a growth-associated translational regulation. However, also TOP genes with a tissue specific translational regulation are known. As defined above, the 5′UTR of a TOP gene corresponds to the sequence of a 5′UTR of a mature mRNA derived from a TOP gene, which preferably extends from the nucleotide located 3′ to the 5′cap to the nucleotide located 5′ to the start codon. A 5′UTR of a TOP gene typically does not comprise any start codons, preferably no upstream AUGs (uAUGs) or upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Therein, upstream AUGs and upstream open reading frames are typically understood to be AUGs and open reading frames that occur 5′ of the start codon (AUG) of the open reading frame that should be translated. The 5′UTRs of TOP genes are generally rather short. The lengths of 5′UTRs of TOP genes may vary between 20 nucleotides up to 500 nucleotides, and are typically less than about 200 nucleotides, preferably less than about 150 nucleotides, more preferably less than about 100 nucleotides. Exemplary 5′UTRs of TOP genes in the sense of the present invention are the nucleic acid sequences extending from the nucleotide at position 5 to the nucleotide located immediately 5′ to the start codon (e.g. the ATG) in the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, 1435, 1461 and 1462.

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising:

-   a. at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which     comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived     from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of     the 5′UTR of a TOP gene; and -   b. at least one open reading frame (ORF).

Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule further comprises:

-   c. at least one histone stem-loop.

Such an artificial nucleic acid molecule may be DNA or RNA. In case the artificial nucleic acid molecule is DNA it may be used for providing RNA, preferably an mRNA with a corresponding sequence as is described further below. The inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule is particularly useful in gene therapy and genetic vaccination because it may provide increased and/or prolonged protein production of the protein encoded by the open reading frame.

In this context, the term ‘5′UTR element’ preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence which represents a 5′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid sequence, such as an artificial mRNA, or which codes for a 5′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid molecule. Thus, preferably, a 5′UTR element may be the 5′UTR of an mRNA, preferably of an artificial mRNA, or it may be the transcription template for a 5′UTR of an mRNA. Thus, a 5′UTR element preferably is a nucleic acid sequence which corresponds to the 5′UTR of an mRNA, preferably to the 5′UTR of an artificial mRNA, such as an mRNA obtained by transcription of a genetically engineered vector construct. Preferably, a 5′UTR element in the sense of the present invention functions as a 5′UTR or codes for a nucleotide sequence that fulfils the function of a 5′UTR. The term ‘5′UTR element’ furthermore refers to a fragment or part of a 5′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid sequence, such as an artificial mRNA, or which codes for a part or fragment of a 5′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid molecule. This means that the 5′UTR element in the sense of the present invention may be comprised in the 5′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid sequence, such as an artificial mRNA, or which codes for a 5′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid molecule.

According to the invention, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence that is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene.

The term ‘a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene’ preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is based on the 5′UTR sequence of a TOP gene or on a fragment thereof. This term includes sequences corresponding to the entire 5′UTR sequence, i.e. the full length 5′UTR sequence of a TOP gene, and sequences corresponding to a fragment of the 5′UTR sequence of a TOP gene. Preferably, a fragment of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length 5′UTR of a TOP gene, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length 5′UTR of a TOP gene. Such a fragment, in the sense of the present invention, is preferably a functional fragment as described herein. A particularly preferred fragment of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene is a 5′UTR of a TOP gene lacking the 5′TOP motif. The term ‘5′UTR of a TOP gene’ preferably refers to the 5′UTR of a naturally occurring TOP gene.

The terms ‘variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene’ and ‘variant thereof in the context of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene refers to a variant of the 5′UTR of a naturally occurring TOP gene, preferably to a variant of the 5′UTR of a vertebrate TOP gene, preferably to a variant of the 3′UTR of a mammalian TOP gene, more preferably to a variant of the 3′UTR of a human TOP gene. Such variant may be a modified 5′UTR of a TOP gene. For example, a variant 5′UTR may exhibit one or more nucleotide deletions, insertions, additions and/or substitutions compared to the naturally occurring 5′UTR from which the variant is derived. Preferably, a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene is at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identical to the naturally occurring 5′UTR the variant is derived from. Preferably, the variant is a functional variant as described herein.

The term “a nucleic acid sequence that is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene” preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is based on a variant of a 5′UTR sequence of a TOP gene or on a fragment thereof. This term includes sequences corresponding to the entire variant 5′UTR sequence, i.e. the full length variant 5′UTR sequence of a TOP gene, and sequences corresponding to a fragment of the variant 5′UTR sequence of a TOP gene. Preferably, a fragment of a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length variant 5′UTR of a TOP gene, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length variant 5′UTR of a TOP gene. Such a fragment of a variant, in the sense of the present invention, is preferably a functional fragment as described herein.

Thus, the 5′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise or consist of a fragment of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or of a fragment of a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or may comprise or consist of the entire 5′UTR of a TOP gene or may comprise or consist of a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene.

The 5′UTR element is preferably suitable for increasing protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule.

Preferably, the at least one 5′UTR element is functionally linked to the ORF. This means preferably that the 5′UTR element is associated with the ORF such that it may exert a function, such as a protein production increasing function for the protein encoded by the ORF or a stabilizing function on the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the 5′UTR element and the ORF are associated in 5′→3′ direction. Thus, preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises the structure 5′-5′UTR element-(optional)linker-ORF-3′, wherein the linker may be present or absent. For example, the linker may be one or more nucleotides, such as a stretch of 1-50 or 1-20 nucleotides, e.g., comprising or consisting of one or more restriction enzyme recognition sites (restriction sites).

Preferably, the 5′UTR element and the at least one open reading frame are heterologous. The term ‘heterologous’ in this context means that the open reading frame and the 5′UTR element are not occurring naturally (in nature) in this combination. Preferably, the 5′UTR element is derived from a different gene than the open reading frame. For example, the ORF may be derived from a different gene than the 5′UTR element, e.g. encoding a different protein or the same protein but of a different species etc. For example, the ORF does not encode the protein which is encoded by the gene from which the 5′UTR element is derived.

In a preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element, preferably the artificial nucleic acid molecule, does not comprise a complete TOP-motif or 5′TOP sequence. Thus, preferably, the 5′UTR element, preferably the artificial nucleic acid molecule, does not comprise the complete TOP-motif of the TOP gene from which the nucleic acid sequence of the 5′UTR element is derived. For example, the 5′UTR element or the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more pyrimidine residues of the TOP-motif or 5′TOP, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more pyrimidine residues of the TOP-motif located at the 3′side of the TOP-motif or 5′TOP. For example, the 5′UTR element may comprise or consist of a nucleic acid sequence which starts at its 5′end with a pyrimidine residue that corresponds to residue 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 etc. of the TOP-motif or 5′TOP of the TOP gene from which the nucleic acid sequence of the 5′UTR element is derived.

It is particularly preferred that the 5′UTR element, preferably the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, does not comprise a TOP-motif or 5′TOP. For example, the nucleic acid sequence of the 5′UTR element which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene starts at its 5′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 downstream of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene. Position 1 downstream of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) is the first purine based nucleotide 3′ of the TOP-motif or the 5′TOP. Accordingly, position 1 downstream of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract is the first nucleotide following the 3′-end of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract in 5′-3′-direction. Likewise, position 2 downstream of the 5′TOP is the second nucleotide following the end of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract, position 3 the third nucleotide and so on.

Therefore, the 5′UTR element preferably starts 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 or 50 nucleotides downstream of the transcriptional start site of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of the 5′UTR element which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene terminates at its 3′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 upstream of the start codon (e.g. A(U/T)G) of the gene or mRNA it is derived from. Thus, the 5′UTR element does not comprise any part of the protein coding region. Thus, preferably, the only protein coding part of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule is provided by the open reading frame. However, the open reading frame is preferably derived—as said above—from a gene that is different to the gene the 5′UTR element is derived from.

It is particularly preferred that the 5′UTR element does not comprise a start codon, such as the nucleotide sequence A(U/T)G. Thus, preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule will not comprise any upstream AUGs (or upstream ATGs in case it is a DNA molecule). In other words, in some embodiments, it may be preferred that the AUG or ATG, respectively, of the open reading frame is the only start codon of the artificial nucleic acid molecule.

Additionally, it is preferred that the 5′UTR element does not comprise an open reading frame. Thus, preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule will not comprise any upstream open reading frames.

The nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene is derived from a eukaryotic TOP gene, preferably a plant or animal TOP gene, more preferably a chordate TOP gene, even more preferably a vertebrate TOP gene, most preferably a mammalian TOP gene, such as a human or mouse TOP gene.

Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises a 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene, wherein the TOP gene is a plant or animal TOP gene, more preferably a chordate TOP gene, even more preferably a vertebrate TOP gene, most preferably a mammalian TOP gene, such as a human or mouse TOP gene and which optionally does not comprise the nucleotide sequence A(U/T)G and optionally does not comprise an open reading frame; at least one open reading frame (ORF); and optionally at least one histone-stem loop; wherein optionally the 5′UTR element does not comprise a TOP motif and wherein optionally the 5′UTR element starts at its 5′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 downstream of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene and wherein further optionally the 5′UTR element which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene terminates at its 3′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 upstream of the start codon (A(U/T)G) of the gene or mRNA it is derived from.

For example, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from the homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from a variant thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence. The term “homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462,” refers to sequences of other species than Homo sapiens (human) or Mus musculus (mouse), which are homologous to the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462. For example, SEQ ID NO. 1 relates to a sequence comprising the 5′UTR of Homo sapiens alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M). A homolog of SEQ ID NO. 1 in the context of the present invention is any such sequence derived from an alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) gene or mRNA of another species than Homo sapiens (human), such as any vertebrate, preferably any mammalian alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) gene other than the human alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) gene, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, monkey etc. alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) gene.

In a preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a nucleic acid sequence extending from nucleotide position 5 (i.e. the nucleotide that is located at position 5 in the sequence) to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from the homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from a variant thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence. It is particularly preferred that the 5′ UTR element is derived from a nucleic acid sequence extending from the nucleotide position immediately 3′ to the 5′-TOP to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from the homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from a variant thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence.

In a preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence extending from nucleotide position 5 to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence of a nucleic acid sequence, selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence extending from nucleotide position 5 to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence of a nucleic acid sequence, selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a corresponding RNA sequence, wherein, preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 5′UTR the fragment is derived from.

Preferably, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence extending from the nucleotide position immediately 3′ to the 5′TOP to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence extending from the nucleotide position immediately 3′ to the 5′TOP to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a corresponding RNA sequence, wherein, preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 5′UTR the fragment is derived from.

Preferably, the above defined fragments and variants (e.g. exhibiting at least 40% identity) of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, are functional fragments and variants as described herein.

Furthermore, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise more than one 5′UTR elements as described above. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise one, two, three, four or more 5′UTR elements, wherein the individual 5′UTR elements may be the same or they may be different. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise two essentially identical 5′UTR elements as described above, e.g. two 5′UTR elements comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from the homologs of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from a variant thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence or from functional variants thereof, functional fragments thereof, or functional variant fragments thereof as described above.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein. Particularly preferred 5′UTR elements comprise or consist of a nucleic acid sequence which are derived from a 5′ UTR of a TOP gene coding for a ribosomal protein selected from RPSA, RPS2, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4, RPS5, RPS6, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPS10, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS28, RPS29, RPS30, RPL3, RPL4, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL9, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL40, RPL41, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPLP3, UBA52. Particularly preferred are nucleic acid sequences which are derived from a 5′ UTR of TOP genes vertebrate coding for ribosomal proteins, such as mammalian ribosomal proteins e.g. human or mouse ribosomal proteins.

For example, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360; a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof as described herein, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif. As described above, the sequence extending from position 5 to the nucleotide immediately 5′ to the ATG (which is located at the 3′end of the sequences) corresponds to the 5′UTR of said sequences.

Preferably, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360; or a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360; or a corresponding RNA sequence, wherein, preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 5′UTR, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif. Preferably, the fragment exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides or more, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides or more, more preferably of at least about 40 nucleotides or more. Preferably, the fragment is a functional fragment as described herein.

Preferably, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL) or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL). For example, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462, a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof as described herein, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.

Preferably, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs. 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, and 1358 or a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462 or a corresponding RNA sequence, wherein, preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 5′UTR, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif. Preferably, the fragment exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides or more, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides or more, more preferably of at least about 40 nucleotides or more. Preferably, the fragment is a functional fragment as described herein.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), an ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, an hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), an androgeninduced 1 gene (AIG1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, preferably from a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), a vertebrate ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, a vertebrate hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), a vertebrate androgen-induced 1 gene (AIG1), a vertebrate cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a vertebrate N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, more preferably from a mammalian ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), a mammalian ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, a mammalian hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), a mammalian androgen-induced 1 gene (AIG1), a mammalian cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a mammalian N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, most preferably from a human ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a human ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a human ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), a human ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, a human hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), a human androgen-induced 1 gene (AIG1), a human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a human N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, wherein preferably the 5′UTR element does not comprise the 5′TOP of said gene.

Accordingly, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1368, or SEQ ID NOs 1452-1460 or a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1368, or SEQ ID NOs 1452-1460 wherein, preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 5′UTR. Preferably, the fragment exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides or more, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides or more, more preferably of at least about 40 nucleotides or more. Preferably, the fragment is a functional fragment as described herein.

Preferably, the at least one 5′UTR element exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides or more, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides or more, more preferably of at least about 40 nucleotides or more. However, it may be preferred if the 5′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule is rather short. Accordingly, it may have a length of less than about 200, preferably less than 150, more preferably less than 100 nucleotides. For example, the 5′UTR may have a length of less than about 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200 nucleotides Preferably, the 5′UTR element may have a length of about 20-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41-45, 46-50, 51-55, 56-60, 61-65, 66-70, 71-80, 81-85, 86-90, 91-95, 96-100, 101-105, 106-110, 111-115, 116-120, 121-125, 126-130, 131-135, 136-140, 141-145, 146-150, 151-155, 156-160, 161-165, 166-170, 171-175, 176-180, 181-185, 186-190, 191-195, 196-200 or more nucleotides. For example, the 5′UTR element may have a length of about 20, 26, 31, 36, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71, 81, 86, 91, 96, 101, 106, 111, 116, 121, 126, 131, 136, 141, 146, 151, 156, 161, 166, 171, 176, 181, 186, 191 or 196 nucleotides. Preferably, the 5′UTR element may have a length from about 20, 30, 40 or more to less than about 200 nucleotides, more preferably from about 20, 30, 40 or more to less than about 150 nucleotides, most preferably from about 20, 30, 40 or more to less than about 100 nucleotides.

Preferred 5′UTR elements are derived from a 5′ UTR of a TOP gene selected from RPSA, RPS2, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4, RPS5, RPS6, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPS10, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS28, RPS29, RPS30, RPL3, RPL4, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL9, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL40, RPL41, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPLP3, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, EEF1A1, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1G, EEF2, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3H, EIF2S3, EIF3C, EIF3K, EIF3EIP, EIF4A2, PABPC1, HNRNPA1, TPT1, TUBB1, UBA52, NPM1, ATP5G2, GNB2L1, NME2, UQCRB or from a variant thereof.

In some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises a 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a vertebrate TOP gene, such as a mammalian, e.g. a human TOP gene, selected from RPSA, RPS2, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4, RPS5, RPS6, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPS10, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS28, RPS29, RPS30, RPL3, RPL4, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL9, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL40, RPL41, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPLP3, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, EEF1A1, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1G, EEF2, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3H, EIF2S3, EIF3C, EIF3K, EIF3EIP, EIF4A2, PABPC1, HNRNPA1, TPT1, TUBB1, UBA52, NPM1, ATP5G2, GNB2L1, NME2, UQCRB or from a variant thereof, wherein preferably the 5′UTR element does not comprise a TOP motif or the 5′TOP of said genes, and wherein optionally the 5′UTR element starts at its 5′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 downstream of the 5′terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) and wherein further optionally the 5′UTR element which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene terminates at its 3′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 upstream of the start codon (A(U/T)G) of the gene it is derived from.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule further comprises a histone stem-loop.

Accordingly, it is particularly preferred that the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises:

-   a. at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which     comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived     from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of     the 5′UTR of a TOP gene as described above; -   b. at least one open reading frame (ORF); and -   c. at least one histone stem-loop.

The combination of a 5′UTR element as described above with a histone stem-loop may have a particularly advantageous effect in providing prolonged and possibly also enhanced translation of an RNA molecule.

In the context of the present invention, such a histone stem-loop is typically derived from a histone gene and comprises an intramolecular base pairing of two neighbored entirely or partially reverse complementary sequences, thereby forming a stem-loop. A stem-loop can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. The structure is also known as a hairpin or hairpin loop and usually consists of a stem and a (terminal) loop within a consecutive sequence, wherein the stem is formed by two neighbored entirely or partially reverse complementary sequences separated by a short sequence as sort of spacer, which builds the loop of the stem-loop structure. The two neighbored entirely or partially reverse complementary sequences may be defined as e.g. stem-loop elements stem1 and stem2. The stem loop is formed when these two neighbored entirely or partially reverse complementary sequences, e.g. stem-loop elements stem1 and stem2, form base-pairs with each other, leading to a double stranded nucleic acid sequence comprising an unpaired loop at its terminal ending formed by the short sequence located between stem-loop elements stem1 and stem2 on the consecutive sequence. The unpaired loop thereby typically represents a region of the nucleic acid which is not capable of base pairing with either of these stem-loop elements. The resulting lollipop-shaped structure is a key building block of many RNA secondary structures. The formation of a stem-loop structure is thus dependent on the stability of the resulting stem and loop regions, wherein the first prerequisite is typically the presence of a sequence that can fold back on itself to form a paired double strand. The stability of paired stem-loop elements is determined by the length, the number of mismatches or bulges it contains (a small number of mismatches is typically tolerable, especially in a long double strand), and the base composition of the paired region. In the context of the present invention, optimal loop length is 3-10 bases, more preferably 3 to 8, 3 to 7, 3 to 6 or even more preferably 4 to 5 bases, and most preferably 4 bases.

Preferably, the at least one histone stem-loop is functionally associated to the ORF. This means that the at least one histone stem-loop is preferably positioned within the artificial nucleic acid molecule such that it is able to exert its function, for example, its function of increasing protein production from the ORF or stabilizing the artificial nucleic acid molecule.

Preferably, the histone stem-loop is located 3′ to the ORF. For example, the histone stem-loop may be connected to the 3′-end of the ORF directly or via a linker, for example via a stretch of nucleotides, such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc. nucleotides, e.g. comprising one or more restriction sites, or the histone stem-loop may be located within or between or downstream of other structures located 3′ to the ORF, such as within a 3′UTR element, or between a poly(A) sequence and a poly(C) sequence, or down-stream of a poly(A) and/or a poly(C) sequence, or the histone stem-loop may be located at the 3′-end of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. The term “located at the 3′-end” also includes embodiments, wherein the histone stem-loop is followed in 3′-direction by few nucleotides which remain, e.g., after a restriction enzyme cleavage.

Preferably, the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop are chosen and positioned such that they exert at least an additive, preferably a synergistic function on protein production from the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, protein production from the ORF is increased at least in an additive, preferably in a synergistic way by the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop. Thus, the protein amount of the protein encoded by the ORF, such as a reporter protein, e.g. luciferase, at a certain time point after initiation of expression of the ORF, e.g. after transfection of a test cell line, is at least the same, preferably higher than what would be expected if the protein production increasing effects of the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop were purely additive. The additive, preferably synergistic effect may, for example, be determined by the following assay. Four artificial nucleic acid molecules, e.g. mRNAs, comprising an ORF encoding, e.g. a reporter protein such as luciferase, are generated, i.e. (i) lacking a 5′UTR element and a histone stem-loop (E0), (ii) containing a 5′UTR element derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene or of a variant thereof (E1), (iii) containing a histone stem-loop (E2), and (iv) containing both the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop (E1E2). Expression of the ORF contained in the artificial nucleic acid molecules is initiated, for example, by transfecting a test cell line, such as a mammalian cell line, e.g. HELA cells, or primary cells, e.g. HDF cells. Samples are taken at specific time points after initiation of expression, for example, after 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and/or 72 hours and the amount of protein produced by expression of the ORF contained in the artificial nucleic acid molecules is measured, for example, by an ELISA assay or a luciferase test, depending on the type of protein encoded by the ORF. The predicted amount of protein at a certain time point after initiation of expression obtained by construct E1E2 if the effects of the 3′UTR element and the 5′UTR element were purely additive (PPA) may be calculated as follows:

PPA_(x)=(E1_(x)−E0_(x))+(E2_(x)−E0_(x))+E0_(x),

E0 is the amount of protein obtained for the construct E0 (lacking a 5′UTR and a histone stem-loop), E1 is the amount of protein obtained for the construct E1, E2 is the protein amount obtained for the construct E2, and x is the time point after initiation of expression. The effect on increasing protein production is additive if E1E2_(x)=PPA_(x), and synergistic in the sense of the present invention if E1E2_(x)>PPA_(X), wherein E1E2_(x) is the amount of protein obtained from construct E1E2 at time point x. Preferably, E1E2 is at least 1.0, more preferably at least 1.1, more preferably at least 1.3, more preferably at least 1.5, even more preferably at least 1.75 times PPA at a given time point post initiation of expression, such as 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours post initiation of expression.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising (a.) at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene as described above; (b.) at least one open reading frame (ORF); and (c.) at least one histone stem-loop as described herein, wherein the histone stem-loop and the 5′UTR element act at least additively, preferably synergistically to increase protein production from the ORF, preferably wherein E1E2 PPA, preferably E1E2 is at least PPA, more preferably E1E2 is at least 1.1 times PPA, more preferably E1E2 is at least 1.3 times PPA, even more preferably wherein E1E2 is at least 1.5 times PPA at a given time point post initiation of expression of the ORF, for example 24 hours, preferably 48 hours post initiation of expression, wherein E1E2 and PPA are as described above.

Furthermore, it is preferred that the at least one histone stem-loop and the at least one 5′UTR element have an at least additive, preferably a synergistic effect on total protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule in a certain time span, such as within 24 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours post initiation of expression. The additive, preferably the synergistic effect may be determined as described above, with the difference that the area under the curve (AUC) for the amount of protein over time predicted for E1E2 if the effects are additive is compared to the actual AUC measured for E1E2.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises or codes for (a.) at least one 5′UTR element as described above, (b.) at least one open reading frame; and (c.) at least one histone stem-loop, preferably according to at least one of the following formulae (I) or (II):

formula (I) (stem-loop sequence without stem bordering elements):

formula (II) (stem-loop sequence with stem bordering elements):

wherein: stems or stem2 bordering element N₁₋₆ is a consecutive sequence of 1 to 6, preferably of 2 to 6, more preferably of 2 to 5, even more preferably of 3 to 5, most preferably of 4 to 5 or 5 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C, or a nucleotide analogue thereof; stem1 [N₀₋₂GN₃₋₅] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem2, and is a consecutive sequence of between 5 to 7 nucleotides; wherein N₀₋₂ is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; wherein N₃₋₅ is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof, and wherein G is guanosine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a cytidine or an analogue thereof, provided that its complementary nucleotide cytidine in stem2 is replaced by guanosine; loop sequence [N₀₋₄(U/T)N₀₋₄] is located between elements stem1 and stem2, and is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5 nucleotides, more preferably of 4 nucleotides; wherein each N₀₋₆ is independent from another a consecutive sequence of 0 to 4, preferably of 1 to 3, more preferably of 1 to 2 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; and wherein U/T represents uridine, or optionally thymidine; stem2 [N₃₋₅CN₀₋₂] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem1, and is a consecutive sequence of between 5 to 7 nucleotides; wherein N₃₋₅ is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; wherein N₀₋₂ is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G or C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; and wherein C is cytidine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a guanosine or an analogue thereof provided that its complementary nucleotide guanosine in stem1 is replaced by cytidine; wherein stem1 and stem2 are capable of base pairing with each other forming a reverse complementary sequence, wherein base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2, e.g. by Watson-Crick base pairing of nucleotides A and U/T or G and C or by non-Watson-Crick base pairing e.g. wobble base pairing, reverse Watson-Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen base pairing, reverse Hoogsteen base pairing or are capable of base pairing with each other forming a partially reverse complementary sequence, wherein an incomplete base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2, on the basis that one ore more bases in one stem do not have a complementary base in the reverse complementary sequence of the other stem.

In the above context, a wobble base pairing is typically a non-Watson-Crick base pairing between two nucleotides. The four main wobble base pairs in the present context, which may be used, are guanosine-uridine, inosine-uridine, inosine-adenosine, inosine-cytidine (G-U/T, I-U/T, I-A and I-C) and adenosine-cytidine (A-C).

Accordingly, in the context of the present invention, a wobble base is a base, which forms a wobble base pair with a further base as described above. Therefore, non-Watson-Crick base pairing, e.g. wobble base pairing, may occur in the stem of the histone stem-loop structure according to the present invention.

In the above context, a partially reverse complementary sequence comprises maximally two, preferably only one mismatch in the stem-structure of the stem-loop sequence formed by base pairing of stem1 and stem2. In other words, stem1 and stem2 are preferably capable of (full) base pairing with each other throughout the entire sequence of stem1 and stem2 (100% of possible correct Watson-Crick or non-Watson-Crick base pairings), thereby forming a reverse complementary sequence, wherein each base has its correct Watson-Crick or non-Watson-Crick base pendant as a complementary binding partner. Alternatively, stem1 and stem2 are preferably capable of partial base pairing with each other throughout the entire sequence of stem1 and stem2, wherein at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the 100% possible correct Watson-Crick or non-Watson-Crick base pairings are occupied with the correct Watson-Crick or non-Watson-Crick base pairings and at most about 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of the remaining bases are unpaired.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the at least one histone stem-loop sequence (with stem bordering elements) of the inventive nucleic acid sequence as defined herein comprises a length of about 15 to about 45 nucleotides, preferably a length of about 15 to about 40 nucleotides, preferably a length of about 15 to about 35 nucleotides, preferably a length of about 15 to about 30 nucleotides and even more preferably a length of about 20 to about 30 and most preferably a length of about 24 to about 28 nucleotides.

Furthermore, the at least one histone stem-loop sequence (without stem bordering elements) of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein may comprise a length of about 10 to about 30 nucleotides, preferably a length of about 10 to about 20 nucleotides, preferably a length of about 12 to about 20 nucleotides, preferably a length of about 14 to about 20 nucleotides and even more preferably a length of about 16 to about 17 and most preferably a length of about 16 nucleotides.

Preferably, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise or code for (a.) at least one 5′UTR element as described above; at least one open reading frame; and (c.) at least one histone stem-loop sequence according to at least one of the following specific formulae (Ia) or (IIa): formula (Ia) (stem-loop sequence without stem bordering elements):

formula (IIa) (stem-loop sequence with stem bordering elements):

wherein N, C, G, T and U are as defined above.

Preferably, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise or code for (a.) at least one 5′UTR element as described above; at least one open reading frame; and (c.) at least one histone stem-loop sequence according to at least one of the following specific formulae (Ib) or (IIb):

formula (Ib) (stem-loop sequence without stem bordering elements):

formula (IIb) (stem-loop sequence with stem bordering elements):

wherein N, C, G, T and U are as defined above.

Preferably, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise or code for (a.) at least one 5′UTR element as described above; at least one open reading frame; and (c.) at least one histone stem-loop sequence according to at least one of the following specific formulae (Ic) to (Ih) or (IIc) to (IIh), shown alternatively in its stem-loop structure and as a linear sequence representing histone stem-loop sequences as generated according to Example 1:

formula (Ic): (metazoan and protozoan histone stem-loop consensus sequence without stem bordering elements):

     N U     N   N      N-N      N-N      N-N      N-N      G-C      N-N (stem-loop structure) NGNNNNNNUNNNNNCN (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1391) formula (IIc): (metazoan and protozoan histone stem-loop consensus sequence with stem bordering elements):

      N U      N   N       N-N       N-N       N-N       N-N       G-C N*N*NNNN-NNNN*N*N* (stem-loop structure) N*N*NNNNGNNNNNNUNNNNNCNNNN*N*N* (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1392) formula (Id): (without stem bordering elements)

     N U     N   N      N-N      N-N      N-N      N-N      C-G      N-N (stem-loop structure) NCNNNNNNUNNNNNGN (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1393) formula (IId): (with stem bordering elements)

      N U      N   N       N-N       N-N       N-N       N-N       C-G N*N*NNNN-NNNN*N*N* (stem-loop structure) N*N*NNNNCNNNNNNUNNNNNGNNNN*N*N* (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1394) formula (Ie): (protozoan histone stem-loop consensus sequence without stem bordering elements)

    N U    N   N     N-N     N-N     N-N     N-N     G-C     D-H (stem-loop structure) DGNNNNNNUNNNNNCH (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1395) formula (IIe): (protozoan histone stem-loop consensus sequence with stem bordering elements)

      N U      N   N       N-N       N-N       N-N       N-N       G-C N*N*NNND-HNNN*N*N* (stem-loop structure) N*N*NNNDGNNNNNNUNNNNNCHNNN*N*N* (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1396) formula (If): (metazoan histone stem-loop consensus sequence without stem bordering elements)

     N U     N   N      Y-V      Y-N      B-D      N-N      G-C      N-N (stem-loop structure) NGNBYYNNUNVNDNCN (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1397) formula (III): (metazoan histone stem-loop consensus sequence with stem bordering elements)

      N U      N   N       Y-V       Y-N       B-D       N-N       G-C N*N*NNNN-NNNN*N*N* (stem-loop structure) N*N*NNNNGNBYYNNUNVNDNCNNNN*N*N* (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1398) formula (Ig): (vertebrate histone stem-loop consensus sequence without stem bordering elements)

     N U     D   H      Y-A      Y-B      Y-R      H-D      G-C      N-N (stem-loop structure) NGHYYYDNUHABRDCN (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1399) formula (IIg): (vertebrate histone stem-loop consensus sequence with stem bordering elements)

      N U      D   H       Y-A       Y-B       Y-R       H-D       G-C N*N*HNNN-NNNN*N*H* (stem-loop structure) N*N*HNNNGHYYYDNUHABRDCNNNN*N*H* (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1400) formula (Ih): (human histone stem-loop consensus sequence (Homo sapiens) without stem bordering elements)

    Y U    D   H     U-A     C-S     Y-R     H-R     G-C     D-C (stem-loop structure) DGHYCUDYUHASRRCC (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1401) formula (IIh): (human histone stem-loop consensus sequence (Homo sapiens) with stem bordering elements)

      Y U      D   H       U-A       C-S       Y-R       H-R       G-C N*H*AAHD-CVHB*N*H* (stem loop structure) N*H*AAHDGHYCUDYUHASRRCCVHB*N*H* (linear sequence)(SEQ ID NO: 1402) wherein in each of above formulae (Ic) to (Ih) or (IIc) to (IIh): N, C, G, A, T and U are as defined above; each U may be replaced by T; each (highly) conserved G or C in the stem elements 1 and 2 may be replaced by its complementary nucleotide base C or G, provided that its complementary nucleotide in the corresponding stem is replaced by its complementary nucleotide in parallel; and/or G, A, T, U, C, R, Y, M, K, S, W, H, B, V, D, and N are nucleotide bases as defined in the following Table:

abbreviation Nucleotide bases remark G G Guanine A A Adenine T T Thymine U U Uracile C C Cytosine R G or A Purine Y T/U or C Pyrimidine M A or C Amino K G or T/U Keto S G or C Strong (3H bonds) W A or T/U Weak (2H bonds) H A or C or T/U Not G B G or T/U or C Not A V G or C or A Not T/U D G or A or T/U Not C N G or C or T/U or A Any base * Present or not Base may be present or not

In this context, it is particularly preferred that the histone stem-loop sequence according to at least one of the formulae (I) or (Ia) to (Ih) or (II) or (IIa) to (IIh) of the present invention is selected from a naturally occurring histone stem-loop sequence, more particularly preferred from protozoan or metazoan histone stem-loop sequences, and even more particularly preferred from vertebrate and mostly preferred from mammalian histone stem-loop sequences especially from human histone stem-loop sequences.

Further preferably, the histone stem-loop sequence according to at least one of the specific formulae (I) or (Ia) to (Ih) or (II) or (IIa) to (IIh) of the present invention is a histone stem-loop sequence comprising at each nucleotide position the most frequently occurring nucleotide, or either the most frequently or the second-most frequently occurring nucleotide of naturally occurring histone stem-loop sequences in metazoa and protozoa (FIG. 1), protozoa (FIG. 2), metazoa (FIG. 3), vertebrates (FIG. 4) and humans (FIG. 5) as shown in FIGS. 1-5. In this context, it is particularly preferred that at least 80%, preferably at least 85%, or most preferably at least 90% of all nucleotides correspond to the most frequently occurring nucleotide of naturally occurring histone stem-loop sequences.

Further preferably, the histone stem-loop sequence according to at least one of the specific formulae (I) or (Ia) to (Ih) of the present invention may be selected from following histone stem-loop sequences or corresponding RNA sequences (without stem-bordering elements) representing histone stem-loop sequences as generated according to Example 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 1403 according to formula (Ic)) VGYYYYHHTHRVVRCB (SEQ ID NO: 1404 according to formula (Ic)) SGYYYTTYTMARRRCS (SEQ ID NO: 1405 according to formula (Ic)) SGYYCTTTTMAGRRCS (SEQ ID NO: 1406 according to formula (Ie)) DGNNNBNNTHVNNNCH (SEQ ID NO: 1407 according to formula (Ie)) RGNNNYHBTHRDNNCY (SEQ ID NO: 1408 according to formula (Ie)) RGNDBYHYTHRDHNCY (SEQ ID NO: 1409 according to formula (If)) VGYYYTYHTHRVRRCB (SEQ ID NO: 1410 according to formula (If)) SGYYCTTYTMAGRRCS (SEQ ID NO: 1411 according to formula (If)) SGYYCTTTTMAGRRCS (SEQ ID NO: 1412 according to formula (Ig)) GGYYCTTYTHAGRRCC (SEQ ID NO: 1413 according to formula (Ig)) GGCYCTTYTMAGRGCC (SEQ ID NO: 1414 according to formula (Ig)) GGCTCTTTTMAGRGCC (SEQ ID NO: 1415 according to formula (Ih)) DGHYCTDYTHASRRCC (SEQ ID NO: 1416 according to formula (Ih)) GGCYCTTTTHAGRGCC (SEQ ID NO: 1417 according to formula (Ih)) GGCYCTTTTMAGRGCC

Furthermore, in this context, following histone stem-loop sequences (with stem bordering elements) as generated according to Example 1 according to one of specific formulae (II) or (IIa) to (IIh) and the corresponding RNA sequences are particularly preferred:

(SEQ ID NO: 1418 according to formula (IIc)) H*H*HHVVGYYYYHHTHRVVRCBVHH*N*N* (SEQ ID NO: 1419 according to formula (IIc)) M*H*MHMSGYYYTTYTMARRRCSMCH*H*H* (SEQ ID NO: 1420 according to formula (IIc)) M*M*MMMSGYYCTTTTMAGRRCSACH*M*H* (SEQ ID NO: 1421 according to formula (IIe)) N*N*NNNDGNNNBNNTHVNNNCHNHN*N*N* (SEQ ID NO: 1422 according to formula (IIe)) N*N*HHNRGNNNYHBTHRDNNCYDHH*N*N* (SEQ ID NO: 1423 according to formula (IIe)) N*H*HHVRGNDBYHYTHRDHNCYRHH*H*H* (SEQ ID NO: 1424 according to formula (IIf)) H*H*MHMVGYYYTYHTHRVRRCBVMH*H*N* (SEQ ID NO: 1425 according to formula (IIf)) M*M*MMMSGYYCTTYTMAGRRCSMCH*H*H* (SEQ ID NO: 1426 according to formula (IIf)) M*M*MMMSGYYCTTTTMAGRRCSACH*M*H* (SEQ ID NO: 1427 according to formula (IIg)) H*H*MAMGGYYCTTYTHAGRRCCVHN*N*M* (SEQ ID NO: 1428 according to formula (IIg)) H*H*AAMGGCYCTTYTMAGRGCCVCH*H*M* (SEQ ID NO: 1429 according to formula (IIg)) M*M*AAMGGCTCTTTTMAGRGCCMCY*M*M* (SEQ ID NO: 1430 according to formula (IIh)) N*H*AAHDGHYCTDYTHASRRCCVHB*N*H* (SEQ ID NO: 1431 according to formula (IIh)) H*H*AAMGGCYCTTTTHAGRGCCVMY*N*M* (SEQ ID NO: 1432 according to formula (IIh)) H*M*AAAGGCYCTTTTMAGRGCCRMY*H*M*

A particular preferred histone stem-loop sequence is the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1433 (CAAAGGCTCTTTTCAGAGCCACCA) or the corresponding RNA sequence.

Thus, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises (a.) at least one 5′UTR element as described above; (b.) at least one open reading frame; and (c.) at least one histone-stem loop which comprises or consists of a sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein preferably positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO. 1433.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises or codes for at least one histone stem-loop sequence showing at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, or even more preferably at least about 95% sequence identity with the not to 100% conserved nucleotides in the histone stem-loop sequences according to at least one of specific formulae (I) or (Ia) to (Ih) or (II) or (IIa) to (IIh) or with a naturally occurring histone stem-loop sequence.

Furthermore, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise more than one histone stem-loop as described herein. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise one, two, three, four or more histone stem-loops, wherein the individual histone stem-loops may be the same or they may be different. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise two histone stem-loops, wherein each histone stem-loop sequence may be selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1391-1433.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising:

a. at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene as described above;

b. at least one open reading frame (ORF); and

c. at least one histone stem-loop, wherein preferably the sequence of the histone stem-loop is selected from the group consisting of sequences according to formulae (I) or (Ia) to (Ih) or (II) or (IIa) to (IIh), such as a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1391-1433, preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1403-1433.

Thus, for example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise at least one 5′UTR element which is derived from the 5′UTR of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from a homolog thereof, from a variant thereof, or from a corresponding RNA sequence, such as a 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence extending from nucleotide position 5 to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a corresponding RNA sequence, or at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence extending from nucleotide position 5 to the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the start codon (located at the 3′ end of the sequences), e.g. the nucleotide position immediately 5′ to the ATG sequence, of a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, wherein, preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 5′UTR the fragment is derived from, (b.) at least one open reading frame, and (c.) at least one histone stem-loop sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1391-1433, preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1403-1433, preferably wherein the at least one histone histone-stem loop comprises or consists of a sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein preferably positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO. 1433.

Furthermore, for example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein, e.g. which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360; a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof as described herein, and at least one histone stem-loop sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1391-1433, preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1403-1433, preferably wherein the at least one histone-stem loop comprises or consists of a sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein preferably positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO. 1433.

In a further embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein, e.g. which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462, a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof as described herein, and at least one histone stem-loop sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1391-1433, preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1403-1433, preferably wherein the at least one histone histone-stem loop comprises or consists of a sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein preferably positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO. 1433.

As preferred example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise a 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 90%, preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1368 or SEQ ID NOs: 1452-1460 and a histone stem-loop sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1403-1433, e.g. according to SEQ ID NO: 1433, or wherein the histone histone-stem loop comprises or consists of a sequence having a sequence identity of about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO. 1433.

In some embodiments, the histone stem-loop sequence according to component (c.) is not derived from a mouse histone gene, e.g. from mouse histone gene H2A614. In one embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule of the invention neither contains a mouse histone stem-loop sequence nor contains mouse histone gene H2A614. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule does not contain a stem-loop processing signal, more specifically, a mouse histone processing signal and, most specifically, does not contain mouse histone stem-loop processing signal H2kA614. Also, in one embodiment, the inventive nucleic acid molecule may contain at least one mammalian histone gene. However, in one embodiment, the at least one mammalian histone gene is not Seq. ID No. 7 of WO 01/12824.

Preferably, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises no histone downstream element (HDE).

The term “histone downstream element (HDE)” refers to a purine-rich polynucleotide stretch of about 15 to 20 nucleotides 3′ of naturally occurring stem-loops, which represents the binding site for the U7 snRNA involved in processing of histone pre-mRNA into mature histone mRNA. For example in sea urchins the HDE is CAAGAAAGA (Dominski, Z. and W. F. Marzluff (2007), Gene 396(2): 373-90).

Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention further comprises a poly(A) sequence or a poly(A) signal.

Therefore, it is particularly preferred that the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises or codes for (a.) at least one 5′UTR element as described above, (b.) at least one open reading frame, preferably encoding a peptide or protein; (c.) at least one histone stem-loop as described herein, and (d.) a poly(A) sequence or a polyadenylation signal.

A polyadenylation signal is defined herein as a signal which conveys polyadenylation to a (transcribed) mRNA by specific protein factors (e.g. cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), cleavage stimulation factor (CstF), cleavage factors I and II (CF I and CF II), poly(A) polymerase (PAP)).

Preferably, the polyadenylation signal comprises the consensus sequence NN(U/T)ANA, with N=A or U, preferably AA(U/T)AAA or A(U/T)(U/T)AAA. Such consensus sequence may be recognised by most animal and bacterial cell-systems, for example by the polyadenylation-factors, such as cleavage/polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) cooperating with CstF, PAP, PAB2, CFI and/or CFII. The polyadenylation signal is preferably located within the artificial nucleic acid molecule such that the above described machinery is able to effect polyadenylation of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. For example, the polyadenylation signal may be located less than about 50 nucleotides, more preferably less than about 30 nucleotides, most preferably less than about 25 nucleotides, for example 21 nucleotides, upstream of the 3′-end of the artificial nucleic acid molecule.

Additionally or alternatively to the polyadenylation signal, in some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may further comprise a poly(A) sequence. The length of the poly(A) sequence may vary. For example, the poly(A) sequence may have a length of about 20 adenine nucleotides up to about 400 adenine nucleotides, such as about 20 adenine nucleotides up to about 300 adenine nucleotides, preferably about 40 to about 200 adenine nucleotides, more preferably about 50 to about 100 adenine nucleotides, such as about 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 adenine nucleotides. The term about refers to a deviation of ±10%.

The poly(A) sequence is preferably located 3′ to the ORF. For example, the poly(A) sequence may be connected to the 3′-end of the ORF directly or via a linker, for example via a stretch of nucleotides, such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 etc. nucleotides, such as via a linker of 1-50, preferably 1-20 nucleotides, e.g. comprising one or more restriction sites, or the poly(A) sequence may be located within or between or downstream of other structures located 3′ to the ORF, such as between a 3′UTR element and a poly(C) sequence, or down-stream of a 3′UTR element and/or a poly(C) sequence, or the poly(A) sequence may be located at the 3′-end of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. The term “located at the 3′-end” also includes embodiments, wherein the poly(A) sequence is followed in 3′-direction by few nucleotides which remain, e.g. after a restriction enzyme cleavage.

It is particularly preferred that the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises in 5′- to 3′-direction or codes in 5′- to 3′-direction for

-   (a.) at least one 5′UTR element derived from a TOP gene as described     herein; -   (b.) at least one open reading frame, preferably encoding a peptide     or protein; -   (c.) at least one histone stem-loop, optionally without a histone     downstream element 3′ to the histone stem-loop, as described herein;     and -   (d.) a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the inventive nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises in 5′- to 3′-direction or codes in 5′- to 3′-direction for:

-   (a.) at least one 5′UTR element derived from a TOP gene as described     above; -   (b.) at least one open reading frame, preferably encoding a peptide     or protein; -   (d.) a poly(A) sequence; and -   (c.) at least one histone stem-loop as described herein.

Thus, the poly(A) sequence and the histone stem-loop of an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may be positioned in any desired order from 5′ to 3′. Particularly, the poly(A) sequence may be located 5′ as well as 3′ of the histone stem-loop.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises

-   (a.) at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element)     which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is     derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a     variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene; -   (b.) at least one open reading frame (ORF); -   (c.) a histone stem-loop; and -   (d.) a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal, wherein the     poly(A) sequence is located 5′ or 3′ of the histone stem-loop.

In a further preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention further comprises a poly(C) sequence. A poly(C) sequence in the context of the present invention preferably consists of about 10 to about 200 cytidine nucleotides, more preferably of about 10 to about 100 cytidine nucleotides, more preferably of about 10 to about 50 cytidine nucleotides, even more preferably of about 20 to about 40 cytidine nucleotides, such as about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, preferably about 30 cytidine nucleotides. The poly(C) sequence is preferably located 3′ to the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. For example, the poly(C) sequence may be connected to the 3′-end of the ORF directly or via a linker of a stretch of nucleotides, such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 etc. nucleotides, such as via a linker of 1-50, preferably of 1-20 nucleotides, e.g. comprising one or more restriction sites, or the poly(C) sequence may be located within, between or downstream of any other structures located 3′ to the ORF. For example, the poly(C) sequence may be part of a 3′UTR element or may be located between a poly(A) sequence and a histone stem-loop, or the poly(C) sequence may be located at the 3′-end of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. The term “located at the 3′-end” also includes embodiments, wherein the poly(C) sequence is followed in 3′-direction by a few nucleotides which remain, e.g., after a restriction enzyme cleavage. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the poly(C) sequence is located between a poly(A) sequence and a histone stem-loop.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the poly(C) sequence is located 5′ to the histone stem-loop.

Thus, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present application comprises the structure 5′-[ORF]-[optional linker]-[3′UTR element]-[optional linker]-[poly(A) sequence]-[optional linker]-[poly(C) sequence]-[optional linker]-[histone stem-loop]-3′, wherein the optional linkers may be independently of each other present or absent and may be a stretch of 1-50 nucleotides, e.g. comprising one or more restriction sites.

In a further embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention further comprises a 3′UTR element. Thus, in some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise at least one 5′UTR element as described above, at least one open reading frame, at least one histone stem-loop as described herein and at least one 3′UTR element as described herein. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise at least one 5′UTR element as described above, at least one open reading frame, at least one histone stem-loop as described herein, at least one 3′UTR element as described herein, and a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal as described herein. In some embodiments, the histone stem-loop may be part of the 3′UTR element.

The term ‘3′UTR element’ refers to a nucleic acid sequence which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence that is derived from a 3′UTR or from a variant of a 3′UTR. A 3′UTR element in the sense of the present invention may represent the 3′UTR of an mRNA, e.g., in the event that the artificial nucleic acid molecule is an mRNA, or it may represent a sequence in a nucleic acid construct, such as a vector construct, that when transcribed represents the 3′UTR of the transcription product, such as the mRNA. Thus, in the sense of the present invention, preferably, a 3′UTR element may be the 3′UTR of an mRNA, preferably of an artificial mRNA, or it may be the transcription template for a 3′UTR of an mRNA. Thus, a 3′UTR element preferably is a nucleic acid sequence which corresponds to the 3′UTR of an mRNA, preferably to the 3′UTR of an artificial mRNA, such as an mRNA obtained by transcription of a genetically engineered vector construct. Preferably, the 3′UTR element fulfils the function of a 3′UTR or encodes a sequence which fulfils the function of a 3′UTR. The term ‘3UTR element’ furthermore refers to a fragment or part of a 3′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid sequence, such as an artificial mRNA, or which codes for a part or fragment of a 3′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid molecule. This means that the 3′UTR element in the sense of the present invention may be comprised in the 3′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid sequence, such as an artificial mRNA, or which codes for a 3′UTR of an artificial nucleic acid molecule.

In the context of the present invention, the 3′UTR element may be derived from any 3′UTR of a gene or from a variant thereof, such as from a 3′UTR which is naturally associated with the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or any other 3′UTR of a naturally occurring gene or of a variant thereof.

Preferably, the 3′UTR element is functionally linked to the ORF. This means preferably that the 3′UTR element is associated with the ORF such that it may exert a function, such as a stabilizing function on the expression of the ORF or a stabilizing function on the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the ORF and the 3′UTR element are associated in 5′→3′ direction. Thus, preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises the structure 5′-ORF-(optional)linker-3′UTR element-3′, wherein the linker may be present or absent. For example, the linker may be one or more nucleotides, such as a stretch of 1-50 or 1-20 nucleotides, e.g., comprising or consisting of one or more restriction enzyme recognition sites (restriction sites).

Preferably, the at least one 5′UTR element and the at least one 3′UTR element are functionally linked to the ORF. This means preferably that the 5′UTR element and the 3′UTR element are associated with the ORF such that they may exert a function, preferably in an additive, more preferably in a synergistic manner, such as a stabilizing function on the expression of the ORF, a protein production increasing function for the protein encoded by the ORF, or a stabilizing function on the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the 5′UTR element, the ORF, and the 3′UTR element are associated in 5′→3′ direction. Thus, preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises the structure 5′-5′UTR element-(optional)linker-ORF-(optional)linker-3′UTR element-3′, wherein the linker may be present or absent. For example, the linker may be one or more nucleotides, such as a stretch of 1-50 or 1-20 nucleotides, e.g., comprising or consisting of one or more restriction enzyme recognition sites (restriction sites).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′UTR element and the 3′UTR element are heterologous, e.g. preferably the 5′UTR and the 3′UTR are derived from different genes of the same or of different species. Preferably, the 3′UTR is not derived from the TOP gene the 5′UTR is derived from.

In a preferred embodiment, the 3′UTR element is chosen such that it exerts at least an additive, preferably a synergistic function with the 5′UTR element on the protein production from the ORF of the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the protein production is increased in at least an additive, preferably a synergistic way by the 3′UTR element and the 5′UTR element. Thus, the protein amount of the protein encoded by the ORF, such as a reporter protein, e.g. luciferase, at a certain time point after initiation of expression of the ORF, e.g. after transfection of a test cell or cell line, is preferably at least the same, preferably higher than what would be expected if the protein production increasing effects of the 3′UTR element and the 5′UTR element were purely additive. The additive, preferably the synergistic effect may, for example, be determined by the following assay. Four artificial nucleic acid molecules, e.g. mRNAs, comprising an ORF encoding, e.g. a reporter protein such as luciferase, are generated, i.e. (i) lacking UTR elements (E0), (ii) containing a 5′UTR element derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene or of a variant thereof (E1), (iii) containing a test 3′UTR element (E2), and (iv) containing both the 5′UTR element and the test 3′UTR element (E1E2). Expression of the ORF contained in the artificial nucleic acid molecules is initiated, for example, by transfecting a test cell line, such as a mammalian cell line, e.g. HELA cells, or primary cells, e.g. HDF cells. Samples are taken at specific time points after initiation of expression, for example, after 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours and the amount of protein produced by expression of the ORF contained in the artificial nucleic acid molecules is measured, for example, by an ELISA assay or a luciferase test, depending on the type of protein encoded by the ORF. The predicted amount of protein at a certain time point after initiation of expression obtained by construct E1E2 if the effects of the 3′UTR element and the 5′UTR element were purely additive (PPA) may be calculated as follows:

PPA_(x)=(E1_(x)−E0_(x))+(E2_(x)−E0_(x))+E0_(x),

E0 is the amount of protein obtained for the construct E0 (lacking UTRs), E1 is the amount of protein obtained for the construct E1, E2 is the protein amount obtained for the construct E2, and x is the time point after initiation of expression. The effect on increasing protein production is additive if E1E2_(x)=PPA_(x) and synergistic in the sense of the present invention if E1E2_(x)>PPA_(x), wherein E1E2_(x) is the amount of protein obtained from construct E1E2 at time point x. Preferably, E1E2 is at least 1.0, preferably at least 1.1, more preferably at least 1.3, more preferably at least 1.5, even more preferably at least 1.75 times PPA at a given time point post initiation of expression, such as 24 hours, 48 hours or 72 hours post initiation of expression.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising (a.) at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene; (b.) at least one open reading frame (ORF); (c.) at least one histone stem-loop, and at least one 3′UTR element, wherein preferably the 3′UTR element and the 5′UTR element act at least additively, preferably synergistically to increase protein production from the ORF, preferably wherein E1E2 PPA, preferably E1E2 is at least 1.0 times PPA, preferably E1E2 is at least 1.1 times PPA, more preferably E1E2 is at least 1.3 times PPA, even more preferably wherein E1E2 is at least 1.5 times PPA at a given time point post initiation of expression of the ORF, for example 24 hours, preferably 48 hours post initiation of expression, wherein E1E2 and PPA are as described above.

Furthermore, it is preferred that the 3′UTR element and the 5′UTR element have at least an additive, preferably a synergistic effect on the total protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule in a certain time span, such as within 24 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours post initiation of expression. The additive or the synergistic effect may be determined as described above, with the difference that the area under the curve (AUC) for the amount of protein over time predicted for E1E2 if the effects were purely additive is compared to the actual AUC measured for E1E2.

In a preferred embodiment, the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a stable mRNA or from a variant of the 3′UTR of a stable mRNA. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a sequence which is derived from a gene providing a stable mRNA or from a variant of a 3′UTR of a gene providing a stable mRNA. The term “stable mRNA”, preferably refers to mRNAs which exhibit a longer half-life in mammalian cells than the average half-life of mRNA molecules in mammalian cells. Preferably, a stable mRNA in the sense of the present application refers to an mRNA which exhibits a half-life of more than 5 hours, preferably more than 8 hours, in a mammalian cell, such as in a mammalian cell line, e.g. in HELA cells, or in primary cells, e.g. in HDF cells, preferably determined by using a transcription inhibitor such as actinomycin D.

For example, the half-life of an mRNA in mammalian cells, such as HELA or HDF cells, may be determined by culturing the cells in presence of a transcription inhibitor, e.g. actinomycin D, 5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), or α-amanitin, harvesting the cells at different time points after inhibition of transcription, and determining the amount of the mRNA present in the cell samples by methods well known to the person skilled in the art, e.g. by quantitative RT-PCR. The half-life of a particular mRNA may be calculated based on the amounts of the particular mRNA measured at the different time points post inhibition of transcription. Alternatively, pulse-chase methods, e.g. using radioactively labelled nucleotides, or constructs comprising inducible promoters may be used for determining the half-life of an mRNA in mammalian cells.

It is particularly preferred that the enhanced stability of a stable mRNA in the sense of the present invention is affected by its 3′UTR. Thus, preferably, the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a stable mRNA which exhibits a half-life of more than 5 hours, preferably more than 8 hours, in a mammalian cell, such as in a mammalian cell line, e.g. in HELA cells, or in mammalian primary cells, such as HDF cells, preferably determined by using a transcription inhibitor such as actinomycin D, wherein the enhanced stability of said stable mRNA is effected by its 3′UTR. The ability of a 3′UTR for enhancing stability may be tested as described herein, e.g. by using a reporter open reading frame such as a luciferase encoding open reading frame. Alternatively, an artificial construct encoding the test stable mRNA may be generated, wherein the 3′UTR of the stable mRNA is replaced with a reference 3′UTR, such as a 3′UTR of a short lived mRNA, e.g. a Myc 3′UTR. The stability of the wild type stable mRNA and the 3′UTR modified mRNA may be determined as described above. In the event the 3′UTR modified mRNA exhibits a shorter half-life than the wild type stable mRNA, it may be concluded that a stability enhancing effect is exerted by the 3′UTR of the stable mRNA.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 3′UTR of a gene selected from the group consisting of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, and a collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or from a variant of a 3′UTR of a gene selected from the group consisting of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, and a collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 3′UTR of an albumin gene, preferably a vertebrate albumin gene, more preferably a mammalian albumin gene, most preferably a human albumin gene. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 3′UTR of an α-globin gene, preferably a vertebrate α-globin gene, more preferably a mammalian α-globin gene, most preferably a human α-globin gene. For example, the 3′UTR element may comprise or consist of the center, α-complex-binding portion of the 3′UTR of an α-globin gene, such as of a human α-globin gene.

Preferably, the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a vertebrate albumin gene, a vertebrate α-globin gene, a vertebrate β-globin gene, a vertebrate tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a vertebrate lipoxygenase gene, and a vertebrate collagen alpha gene, such as a vertebrate collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 3′UTR of a mammalian albumin gene, a mammalian α-globin gene, a mammalian β-globin gene, a mammalian tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a mammalian lipoxygenase gene, and a mammalian collagen alpha gene, such as a mammalian collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 3′UTR of a human albumin gene, a human α-globin gene, a human β-globin gene, a human tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a human lipoxygenase gene, and a human collagen alpha gene, such as a human collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or from a variant thereof, even more preferably from the 3′UTR of the human albumin gene according to GenBank Accession number NM_000477.5 or from a variant thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the 3′UTR element is not derived from the 3′UTR of a Xenopus albumin gene. Preferably, the 3′UTR element does not comprise a poly(A) limiting element B (PLEB) of a 3′UTR from a Xenopus albumin gene. Preferably, the 3′UTR element does not consist of a PLEB of a 3′UTR from a Xenopus albumin gene.

In one embodiment, the 3′UTR element and the at least one open reading frame are heterologous, e.g. preferably the 3′UTR element and the ORF are derived from different genes of the same or of different species. Preferably, the ORF does not encode an α-globin protein if the 3′UTR element is derived from an α-globin gene. Preferably, the ORF does not encode a β-globin protein if the 3′UTR element is derived from a β-globin gene. Preferably, the ORF does not encode an albumin protein if the 3′UTR element is derived from an albumin gene. Preferably, the ORF does not encode a tyrosine hydroxylase protein if the 3′UTR element is derived from a tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Preferably, the ORF does not encode a lipoxygenase protein if the 3′UTR element is derived from a lipoxygenase gene. Preferably, the ORF does not encode a collagen alpha protein if the 3′UTR element is derived from a collagene alpha gene. In one embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may consist of at least two sequence parts that are derivable from two different genes, the 5′UTR element which is derivable from a TOP gene and the open reading frame and the 3′UTR which may be derivable from the gene encoding the desired protein product. More preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule consists of three sequence parts that are derivable from three different genes: the 5′UTR element which is derivable from a TOP gene, the open reading frame which is derivable from the gene encoding the desired gene product and the 3′UTR element which may be derivable from a gene that relates to an mRNA with an enhanced half-life, for example a 3′UTR element as defined and described below.

In some embodiments, the 3′UTR element consists of a histone stem-loop. In some embodiments, the 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise a histone stem-loop in addition to the nucleic acid sequence derived from the 3′UTR of a gene, such as of a gene providing a stable mRNA, such as of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, or a collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene as described above. Such artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, for example, may comprise in 5′-to-3′-direction a 5′UTR element, an ORF, a 3′UTR element, preferably comprising a polyadenylation signal, a histone stem-loop and an optional poly(A) sequence. It may also comprise in 5′-to-3′-direction a 5′UTR element as described above, an ORF, a 3′UTR element, e.g. comprising a polyadenylation signal, a poly(A) sequence and a histone stem-loop.

The term ‘a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a [ . . . ] gene’ preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is based on the 3′UTR sequence of a [ . . . ] gene or on a part thereof, such as on the 3′UTR of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, or a collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, preferably of an albumin gene or an α-globin gene on a part thereof. This term includes sequences corresponding to the entire 3′UTR sequence, i.e. the full length 3′UTR sequence of a gene, and sequences corresponding to a fragment of the 3′UTR sequence of a gene, such as an albumin gene, α-globin gene, β-globin gene, tyrosine hydroxylase gene, lipoxygenase gene, or collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, preferably of an albumin or α-globin gene. A fragment in this context preferably consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length 3′UTR, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length 3′UTR. Such a fragment, in the sense of the present invention, is preferably a functional fragment as described herein. The term ‘3′UTR of a [ . . . ] gene’ preferably refers to the 3′UTR of a naturally occurring gene, such as of a naturally occurring albumin gene, α-globin gene, β-globin gene, tyrosine hydroxylase gene, lipoxygenase gene, or collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, preferably of a naturally occurring albumin or α-globin gene.

The terms ‘variant of the 3′UTR of a [ . . . ] gene’ and ‘variant thereof in the context of a 3′UTR refers to a variant of the 3′UTR of a naturally occurring gene, such as a naturally occurring albumin gene, a naturally occurring α-globin gene, a naturally occurring β-globin gene, a naturally occurring tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a naturally occurring lipoxygenase gene, or a naturally occurring collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, preferably to a variant of the 3′UTR of a vertebrate albumin gene, a vertebrate α-globin gene, a vertebrate β-globin gene, a vertebrate tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a vertebrate lipoxygenase gene, and a vertebrate collagen alpha gene, such as a vertebrate collagen alpha 1(I) gene, preferably to a variant of the 3′UTR of a mammalian albumin gene, a mammalian α-globin gene, a mammalian β-globin gene, a mammalian tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a mammalian lipoxygenase gene, and a mammalian collagen alpha gene, such as a mammalian collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or to a variant of the 3′UTR of a human albumin gene, a human α-globin gene, a human β-globin gene, a human tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a human lipoxygenase gene, and a human collagen alpha gene, such as a human collagen alpha 1(I) gene. Such variant may be a modified 3′UTR of a gene. For example, a variant 3′UTR may exhibit one or more nucleotide deletions, insertions, additions and/or substitutions compared to the naturally occurring 3′UTR from which the variant is derived. Preferably, a variant of a 3′UTR is at least 40%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% identical to the naturally occurring 3′UTR the variant is derived from. Preferably, the variant is a functional variant as described herein. The term ‘a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a variant of the 3′UTR of a [ . . . ] gene’ preferably refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is based on a variant of the 3′UTR sequence of a gene, such as on a variant of the 3′UTR of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, or a collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or on a part thereof as described above. This term includes sequences corresponding to the entire sequence of the variant of the 3′UTR of a gene, i.e. the full length variant 3′UTR sequence of a gene, and sequences corresponding to a fragment of the variant 3′UTR sequence of a gene. A fragment in this context preferably consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length variant 3′UTR, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length variant 3′UTR. Such a fragment of a variant, in the sense of the present invention, is preferably a functional fragment of a variant as described herein.

The terms ‘functional variant’, ‘functional fragment’, and ‘functional fragment of a variant’ (also termed ‘functional variant fragment’) in the context of the present invention, mean that the fragment of the 5′UTR or the 3′UTR, the variant of the 5′UTR or the 3′UTR, or the fragment of a variant of the 5′UTR or the 3′UTR of a gene fulfils at least one, preferably more than one, function of the naturally occurring 5′UTR or 3′UTR of the gene of which the variant, the fragment, or the fragment of a variant is derived. Such function may be, for example, stabilizing mRNA and/or stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an mRNA and/or increasing protein production from an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as in a human cell. It is particularly preferred that the variant, the fragment, and the variant fragment in the context of the present invention fulfil the function of stabilizing an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as a human cell, compared to an mRNA comprising a reference 5′UTR or lacking a 5′UTR and/or a 3′UTR, and/or the function of stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as in a human cell, compared to an mRNA comprising a reference 5′UTR or lacking a 5′UTR and/or a 3′UTR, and/or the function of increasing protein production from an mRNA, preferably in a mammalian cell, such as in a human cell, compared to an mRNA comprising a reference 5′UTR or lacking a 5′UTR and/or a 3′UTR. A reference 5′UTR may be, for example, a 5′UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Furthermore, a functional variant, a functional fragment, or a functional variant fragment of a 5′UTR or of a 3′UTR of a gene preferably does not have a substantially diminishing effect on the efficiency of translation of the mRNA which comprises such variant of a 5′UTR and/or such variant of a 3′UTR compared to the wild type 5′UTR and/or 3′UTR from which the variant is derived. A particularly preferred function of a “functional fragment”, a “functional variant” or a “functional fragment of a variant” of the 3′UTR of a gene, such as an albumin gene, α-globin gene, β-globin gene, tyrosine hydroxylase gene, lipoxygenase gene, or collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, in the context of the present invention is the stabilization and/or prolongation of protein production by expression of an mRNA carrying the functional fragment, functional variant or functional fragment of a variant as described above. A particularly preferred function of a “functional fragment”, a “functional variant” or a “functional fragment of a variant” of the 5′UTR in the context of the present invention is the protein production increasing function.

Preferably, the efficiency of the one or more functions exerted by the functional variant, the functional fragment, or the functional variant fragment, such as mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing efficiency and/or the protein production increasing efficiency, is at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, most preferably at least 90% of the mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing efficiency and/or the protein production increasing efficiency exhibited by the naturally occurring 5′UTR and/or 3′UTR of which the variant, the fragment or the variant fragment is derived.

In the context of the present invention, a fragment or part of the 3′UTR of a gene, such as an albumin gene, α-globin gene, β-globin gene, tyrosine hydroxylase gene, lipoxygenase gene, or collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or of a variant thereof preferably exhibits a length of at least about 40 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 75 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 125 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 150 nucleotides. Preferably, such fragment of the 3′UTR of a gene or of a variant of the 3′UTR of a gene is a functional fragment as described above.

In the context of the present invention, a fragment or part of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or of a variant thereof preferably exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides. Preferably, such fragment of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or of a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene is a functional fragment as described above.

In some embodiments, the 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a “functional fragment”, a “functional variant” or a “functional fragment of a variant” of the 3′UTR of a gene, such as of an albumin gene, α-globin gene, β-globin gene, tyrosine hydroxylase gene, lipoxygenase gene, or collagen alpha gene, such as a collagen alpha 1(I) gene, or of a variant thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one 5′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a “functional fragment”, a “functional variant” or a “functional fragment of a variant” of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene.

Preferably, the 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the stability of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. increases the stability of an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA (reference mRNA) lacking a 3′UTR element. Preferably, the at least one 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the stability of protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA lacking a 3′UTR element. Preferably, the at least one 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention prolongs protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA lacking a 3′UTR element. Preferably, the at least one 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA lacking a 3′UTR element. Preferably, the at least one 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention does not negatively influence translational efficiency of an mRNA compared to the translational efficiency of a respective mRNA lacking a 3′UTR element. The term ‘respective mRNA’ in this context means that—apart from the different 3′UTR—the reference mRNA is comparable, preferably identical, to the mRNA comprising the 3′UTR element.

Preferably, the at least one 5′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the stability of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. increases the stability of an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA (reference mRNA) lacking a 5′UTR element or comprising a reference 5′UTR element, such as a 5′UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. Preferably, the at least one 5′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA lacking a 5′UTR element or comprising a reference 5′UTR element, such as a 5′UTR naturally occurring in combination with the ORF. The term ‘respective mRNA’ in this context means that—apart from the different 5′UTR—the reference mRNA is comparable, preferably identical, to the mRNA comprising the inventive 5′UTR element.

Preferably, the histone stem-loop of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases the stability of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. increases the stability of an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA (reference mRNA) lacking a histone stem-loop. Preferably, the histone stem-loop of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention increases protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, compared to a respective mRNA lacking a histone stem-loop. The term ‘respective mRNA’ in this context means that—apart from the histone stem loop—the reference mRNA is comparable, preferably identical, to the mRNA comprising the a histone stem-loop.

Preferably, the at least one 5′UTR element and the at least one 3′UTR element act synergistically to increase protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, as described above.

Preferably, the at least one 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop act synergistically to increase protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, as described above.

The term ‘stabilizing and/or prolonging protein production from an mRNA’ preferably means that the protein production from the mRNA is stabilized and/or prolonged compared to the protein production from a reference mRNA, e.g. lacking a 3′UTR element.

‘Stabilized protein expression’ in this context preferably means that there is more uniform protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention over a predetermined period of time, such as over 24 hours, more preferably over 48 hours, even more preferably over 72 hours, when compared to a reference nucleic acid molecule, for example, lacking a 3′UTR element. Thus, the level of protein production, e.g. in a mammalian system, from the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising a 3′UTR element according to the present invention, e.g. from an mRNA according to the present invention, preferably does not drop to the extent observed for a reference nucleic acid molecule. For example, the amount of a protein (encoded by the ORF) observed 6 hours after initiation of expression, e.g. 6 hours post transfection of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention into a cell, such as a mammalian cell, may be comparable to the amount of protein observed 48 hours after initiation of expression, e.g. 48 hours post transfection. Thus, the ratio of the amount of protein encoded by the ORF, such as of a reporter protein, e.g., luciferase, observed at 48 hours post initiation of expression, e.g. 48 hours post transfection, to the amount of protein observed 6 hours after initiation of expression, e.g. 6 hours post transfection, is preferably above 0.4, preferably above 0.5, more preferably above 0.6, even more preferably above 0.7, e.g. between about 0.4 and about 4, preferably between about 0.65 and about 3, more preferably between about 0.7 and 2 for a nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule as described above, wherein the ratio of the (reporter) protein amount observed 48 hours after initiation of expression to the (reporter) protein amount observed 6 hours after initiation of expression, preferably in a mammalian expression system, such as in mammalian cells, is preferably between about 0.4 and 4, preferably between about 0.65 and about 3, more preferably between about 0.7 and 2.

‘Increased protein expression’ in the context of the present invention may refer to increased protein expression at one time point after initiation of expression compared to a reference molecule or to an increased total protein production within a certain time period after initiation of expression. Thus, the protein level observed at a certain time point after initiation of expression, e.g. after transfection, of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, e.g. after transfection of an mRNA according to the present invention, for example, 24, 48, or 72 hours post transfection, or the total protein produced in a time span of, e.g. 24, 48 or 72 hours, is preferably higher than the protein level observed at the same time point after initiation of expression, e.g. after transfection, or the total protein produced within the same time span, for a reference nucleic acid molecule, such as a reference mRNA comprising a reference 5′UTR element or lacking a 5′UTR element and/or 3′UTR element and/or a histone stem-loop. As set forth above, it is a particularly preferred function of the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop to effect an increase in protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the increase in protein production effected by the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop compared to a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking such 5′UTR element and a histone stem-loop at a given time point post initiation of expression is at least 1.5-fold, more preferably at least 2-fold, more preferably at least 3-fold, more preferably at least 4-fold, more preferably at least 5-fold, even more preferably at least 10-fold, even more preferably at least 15-fold of the protein production observed for a reference nucleic acid molecule lacking the 5′UTR element and a histone stem-loop. The same holds preferably for the total protein production in a given time period, for example in a time period of 24, 48 or 72 hours post initiation of expression.

Said increase in stability of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, said increase in stability of protein production, said prolongation of protein production and/or said increase in protein production is preferably determined by comparison with a respective reference nucleic acid molecule lacking a 5′UTR element and/or a 3′UTR element and/or a histone stem-loop, e.g. an mRNA lacking a 5′UTR element and/or a 3′UTR element and/or a histone stem-loop, or a reference nucleic acid molecule comprising a reference 5′UTR element and/or a reference 3′UTR element, such as a 3′UTR and/or a 5′UTR naturally occurring with the ORF or a 5′UTR and/or a 3′UTR of a reference gene.

The mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing effect and efficiency and/or the protein production increasing effect and efficiency of the variants, fragments and/or variant fragments of the 3′UTR of an albumin gene as well as the mRNA and/or protein production stabilizing effect and efficiency and/or the protein production increasing effect and efficiency of the 3′UTR element, the at least one 5′UTR element, or the histone stem-loop of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may be determined by any method suitable for this purpose known to the skilled person. For example, artificial mRNA molecules may be generated comprising a coding sequence for a reporter protein, such as luciferase, and no 3′UTR and/or no 5′UTR and/or no histone stem-loop, a 5′UTR derived from a TOP gene and/or a 3′UTR derived from a gene as described above and/or a histone stem-loop as described above, a 5′UTR derived from a reference gene and/or a 3′UTR derived from a reference gene (i.e., a reference 3′UTR or a reference 5′UTR, such as a 5′UTR or a 3′UTR naturally occurring with the ORF), as 3′UTR a variant of a 3′UTR of a gene as described above, as 3′UTR a fragment of a 3′UTR of a gene as described above, or as 3′UTR a fragment of a variant of a 3′UTR of a gene as described above, as 5′UTR a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene, as 5′UTR a fragment of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene, or as 5′UTR a fragment of a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene. Such mRNAs may be generated, for example, by in vitro transcription of respective vectors such as plasmid vectors, e.g. comprising a T7 promoter and a sequence encoding the respective mRNA sequences. The generated mRNA molecules may be transfected into cells by any transfection method suitable for transfecting mRNA, for example they may be electroporated into mammalian cells, such as HELA or HDF cells, and samples may be analyzed certain time points after transfection, for example, 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours post transfection. Said samples may be analyzed for mRNA quantities and/or protein quantities by methods well known to the skilled person. For example, the quantities of reporter mRNA present in the cells at the sample time points may be determined by quantitative PCR methods. The quantities of reporter protein encoded by the respective mRNAs may be determined, e.g., by ELISA assays or reporter assays such as luciferase assays depending on the reporter protein used. The effect of stabilizing protein expression and/or prolonging protein expression may be, for example, analyzed by determining the ratio of the protein level observed 48 hours post transfection and the protein level observed 6 hours post transfection. The closer said value is to 1, the more stable the protein expression is within this time period. Said value may also be above 1 if the protein level is higher at the later time point. Such measurements may of course also be performed at 72 or more hours and the ratio of the protein level observed 72 hours post transfection and the protein level observed 6 hours post transfection may be determined to determine stability of protein expression.

Preferably, the 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1369-1377 and 1434 and corresponding RNA sequences, wherein the variants of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs. 1369-1377 and 1434 are preferably functional variants as described above. SEQ ID NOs. 1369, 1371 and 1434, variants thereof, and corresponding RNA sequences are particularly preferred.

The 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may also comprise or consist of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1369-1377 and 1434 and of corresponding RNA sequences, wherein the fragment is preferably a functional fragment or a functional variant fragment as described above. Preferably, the fragment is as described above, i.e. being a continuous stretch of nucleotides representing at least 20% etc. of the full-length 3′UTR the fragment is derived from. Such fragment preferably exhibits a length of at least about 40 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 75 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 125 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 150 nucleotides.

For example, such fragment may exhibit a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID Nos. 1378-1390, such as:

(SEQ ID No. 1378) AAAAGCATCT CAGCCTACCA TGAGAATAAG AGAAAGAAAA  TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT CAATT (SEQ ID No. 1379) CATCACATTT AAAAGCATCT CAGCCTACCA TGAGAATAAG AGAAAGAAAA TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG (SEQ ID No. 1380) AAAAGCATCT CAGCCTACCA TGAGAATAAG AGAAAGAAAA TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC (SEQ ID No. 1381) CAGCCTACCA TGAGAATAAG AGAAAGAAAA TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT (SEQ ID No. 1382) TGAGAATAAG AGAAAGAAAA TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT (SEQ ID No. 1383) AGAAAGAAAA TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT (SEQ ID No. 1384) TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT (SEQ ID No. 1385) AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT CAATTAATAA (SEQ ID No. 1386) ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT CAATTAATAA AAAATGGAAA (SEQ ID No. 1387) CAGCCTACCA TGAGAATAAG AGAAAGAAAA TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT CAATTAATAA A (SEQ ID No. 1388) TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT CAATTAATAA A (SEQ ID No. 1389) CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT CAATTAATAA A (SEQ ID No. 1390) AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC or the corresponding RNA sequence, or a nucleic acid sequence which is at least 40%, preferably at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%, even more preferably at least about 99% identical to said nucleic acid sequences or the corresponding RNA sequence. Thus, the at least one 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise or consist of a nucleic acid fragment as described above. Obviously, the thymidine nucleotides comprised in the fragments according to SEQ ID Nos. 1378-1390 may be replaced by uridine nucleotides.

Preferably, said variants, fragments or variant fragments are functional variants, functional fragments, or functional variant fragments as described above, exhibiting at least one function of the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID Nos. 1369-1377 and 1434, such as stabilization of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, stabilizing and/or prolonging protein expression from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, and/or increasing protein production, preferably with an efficiency of at least 40%, more preferably of at least 50%, more preferably of at least 60%, even more preferably of at least 70%, even more preferably of at least 80%, most preferably of at least 90% of the stabilizing efficiency and/or protein production increasing efficiency exhibited by the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID Nos. 1369-1377 and 1434. Preferably, variants, fragments or variant fragments are functional variants, functional fragments, or functional variant fragments exhibit the function of acting synergistically with the 5′UTR element to increase protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule.

Preferably, the 3′UTR element of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention exhibits a length of at least about 40 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 75 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 125 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 150 nucleotides. For example, the 3′UTR may exhibit a length of about 50 to about 300 nucleotides, preferably of about 100 to about 250 nucleotides, more preferably of about 150 to about 200 nucleotides.

Furthermore, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise more than one 3′UTR elements as described above. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise one, two, three, four or more 3′UTR elements, wherein the individual 3′UTR elements may be the same or they may be different. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise two essentially identical 3′UTR elements as described above, e.g. two 3′UTR elements comprising or consisting of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of an albumin gene or an α-globin gene or from a variant of the 3′UTR of an albumin gene or of an α-globin gene, such as a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1369, 1371, 1376, or 1434, functional variants thereof, functional fragments thereof, or functional variant fragments thereof as described above.

In a preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises (a.) at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein as described above, for example, encoding a ribosomal Large protein, or from a variant thereof, (b.) at least one open reading frame, (c.) at least one histone stem-loop as described herein, such as at least one histone stem-loop according to SEQ ID NOs. 1391-1433, optionally (d.) a poly(A) sequence or a poly(A) signal, optionally (e.) a poly(C) sequence, and optionally (f.) at least one 3′UTR element, preferably derived from a gene providing a stable mRNA, e.g., which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of an albumin gene or an α-globin gene, such as a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1369, 1371, and 1434 or a variant thereof as described herein.

Preferably, the sequence of elements of the artificial nucleic acid molecule in 5′-to-3′-direction is 5′-[at least one 5′UTR]-[ORF]-[optional at least one 3′UTR]-[optional poly(A) sequence]-[optional poly(C) sequence]-[at least one histone stem-loop]-3′.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises (a.) at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), an ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, an hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), an androgen-induced 1 gene (AIG1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, preferably from a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), a vertebrate ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, a vertebrate hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), a vertebrate androgeninduced 1 gene (AIG1), a vertebrate cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a vertebrate N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, more preferably from a mammalian ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), a mammalian ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, a mammalian hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), a mammalian androgen-induced 1 gene (AIG1), a mammalian cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a mammalian N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, most preferably from a human ribosomal protein Large 32 gene (RPL32), a human ribosomal protein Large 35 gene (RPL35), a human ribosomal protein Large 21 gene (RPL21), a human ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1) gene, a human hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 gene (HSD17B4), a human androgeninduced 1 gene (AIG1), a human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc gene (COX6C), or a human N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 gene (ASAH1) or from a variant thereof, wherein preferably the 5′UTR element does not comprise the 5′TOP of said gene, such as the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1368 or SEQ ID NOs 1452-1460 or a variant thereof, (b.) at least one open reading frame, (c.) at least one histone stem-loop, such as at least one histone stem-loop according to SEQ ID NOs. 1391-1433, optionally (d.) a poly(A) sequence and/or a poly(A) signal, optionally (e.) a poly(C) sequence, and optionally (f.) at least one 3′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from an albumin gene or an α-globin gene, such as a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1369, 1371, and 1434 or a variant thereof as described herein.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention comprises:

-   (a.) at least one 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a     nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%,     preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%,     preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about     80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of     at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to     the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1368 or SEQ ID     NOs. 1452-1460, or a corresponding RNA sequence, -   (b.) at least one open reading frame, -   (c.) at least one histone stem-loop as described herein, such as a     histone stem-loop sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs.     1391-1433, preferably a histone stem-loop sequence having a sequence     identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%,     preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%,     even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to     SEQ ID NO. 1433 or a corresponding RNA sequence, wherein preferably     positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of     at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at     least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more     preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID     NO. 1433 or the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are     identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO.     1433, -   (d.) optionally, a poly(A) sequence or a poly(A) signal as described     herein, -   (e.) optionally, a poly(C) sequence, and -   (f.) optionally, a 3′UTR element, preferably a 3′UTR element which     is derived from a gene providing a stable mRNA, such as a 3′UTR     element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which     has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about     50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about     70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at     least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even     more preferably of at least about 99%, most preferably of 100% to     the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1369, 1371, or     1434 or a corresponding RNA sequence.

Thus, in a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising a 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 90% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1368 or SEQ ID NOs. 1452-1460, or a corresponding RNA sequence, a histone stem-loop comprising a sequence which has an identity of at least about 90% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1434 or a corresponding RNA sequence, optionally a poly(A) sequence and/or a poly(A) signal as described herein, optionally a poly(C) sequence, and optionally a 3′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 90% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. 1369, 1371 or 1434.

Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention does not contain one or two or at least one or all but one or all of the components of the group consisting of: a sequence encoding a ribozyme (preferably a self-splicing ribozyme), a viral nucleic acid sequence, a histone stem-loop processing signal, in particular a histone stem-loop processing sequence derived from mouse histon H2A614 gene, a Neo gene, an inactivated promoter sequence and an inactivated enhancer sequence. Even more preferably, the nucleic acid according to the invention does not contain a ribozyme, preferably a self-splicing ribozyme, and one of the group consisting of: a Neo gene, an inactivated promotor sequence, an inactivated enhancer sequence, a histon stem-loop processing signal, in particular a histon-stem loop processing sequence derived from mouse histon H2A614 gene. Accordingly, the nucleic acid may in a preferred mode neither contain a ribozyme, preferably a self-splicing ribozyme, nor a Neo gene or, alternatively, neither a ribozyme, preferably a self-splicing ribozyme, nor any resistance gene (e.g. usually applied for selection). In an other preferred mode, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention may neither contain a ribozyme, preferably a self-splicing ribozyme, nor a histone stem-loop processing signal, in particular a histone stem-loop processing sequence derived from mouse histone H2A614 gene.

Furthermore, it is preferred that the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention does not comprise an intron.

The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may be RNA, such as mRNA, DNA, such as a DNA vector, or may be a modified RNA or DNA molecule. It may be provided as a double-stranded molecule having a sense strand and an anti-sense strand, for example, as a DNA molecule having a sense strand and an anti-sense strand.

The invention also provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule which is an mRNA molecule comprising a, 5′UTR element, an open reading frame, a histone stem-loop as described herein, an optional 3′UTR element as described herein and an optional poly(A) sequence.

The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may further comprise a 5′-cap. The optional 5′-cap is preferably attached to the 5′-side of the 5′UTR element.

The invention provides an artificial nucleic acid molecule which may be a template for an RNA molecule, preferably for an mRNA molecule, which is stabilised and optimized with respect to translation efficiency. In other words, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may be a DNA or RNA which may be used for production of an mRNA. The obtainable mRNA, may, in turn, be translated for production of a desired peptide or protein encoded by the open reading frame. If the artificial nucleic acid molecule is a DNA, it may, for example, be used as a double-stranded storage form for continued and repetitive in vitro or in vivo production of mRNA.

Potential transcription systems are in vitro transcription systems or cellular transcription systems etc. Accordingly, transcription of an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, e.g. transcription of an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising a 5′UTR element, an open reading frame, a histone stem-loop, a 3′UTR element, and a polyadenylation-signal, may result in an mRNA molecule comprising a 5′UTR element, an open reading frame, a histone stem-loop, a 3′UTR element and a poly(A) sequence.

For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may comprise a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the DNA sequence

(SEQ ID No. 1377) CATCACATTT AAAAGCATCT CAGCCTACCA TGAGAATAAG AGAAAGAAAA TGAAGATCAA AAGCTTATTC ATCTGTTTTT CTTTTTCGTT GGTGTAAAGC CAACACCCTG TCTAAAAAAC ATAAATTTCT TTAATCATTT TGCCTCTTTT CTCTGTGCTT CAATTAATAA AAAATGGAAA GAATCTAGAT CTAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAA.

Transcription of such a sequence may result in an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising a corresponding RNA sequence.

Such artificial RNA molecule may also be obtainable in vitro by common methods of chemical synthesis without being necessarily transcribed from a DNA progenitor.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is an RNA molecule, preferably an mRNA molecule comprising in 5′-to-3′-direction a 5′UTR element as described above, an open reading frame, an optional 3′UTR element as described above, an optional poly(A) sequence, an optional poly(C) sequence, and a histone stem-loop as described herein.

In some embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises further elements such as an IRES-motif. An internal ribosome entry side (IRES) sequence or IRES-motif may separate several open reading frames, for example if the artificial nucleic acid molecule encodes for two or more peptides or proteins. An IRES-sequence may be particularly helpful if the mRNA is a bi- or multicistronic RNA.

Furthermore, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise additional 5′-elements such as a promoter or enhancer sequence. The promoter may drive and or regulate transcription of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, for example of an artificial DNA molecule according to the present invention.

In preferred embodiments, the invention provides artificial nucleic acid molecules, preferably mRNA molecules, comprising in 5′-to-3′-direction at least one of the following structures:

5′-cap—5′UTR element—ORF—3′UTR element—histone stem-loop—poly(A) sequence

5′-cap—5′UTR element—ORF—3′UTR element—poly(A) sequence—histone stem-loop

5′-cap—5′UTR element—ORF—IRES—ORF—3′UTR element—histone stem-loop—poly(A) sequence

5′-cap—5′UTR element—ORF—IRES—ORF—3′UTR element—poly(A) sequence—histone stem-loop

5′-cap—5′UTR element—ORF—3′UTR element—poly(A) sequence—poly(C) sequence—histone stem-loop

5′-cap—5′UTR element—ORF—IRES—ORF—3′UTR element—poly(A) sequence—poly(C) sequence—histone stem-loop

5′-cap—5′UTR element—ORF—IRES—ORF—3′UTR element—histone stem-loop—poly(A) sequence—poly(C) sequence

More preferably, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises or codes for (a.) a 5′UTR-element; (b.) an open reading frame, preferably encoding a peptide or protein; (c.) at least one histone stem-loop, optionally (d.) a poly(A) sequence and/or polyadenylation signal; (e.) optionally a poly(C) sequence; and (f.) optionally a 3′UTR element, preferably for increasing the expression level of an encoded protein, wherein the encoded protein is preferably no histone protein, no reporter protein and/or no marker or selection protein, as defined above. The elements (c.) to (f.) of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may occur in the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule in any sequence, i.e. the elements (a.), (b.), (c.), (d.), (e.) and (f.) may, for example, occur in the sequence (a.), (b.), (c.), (d.), (e.) and (f.), or (a.), (b.), (d.), (c.), (e.) and (f.), or (a.), (b.), (c.), (d.), (f.) and (e.), or (a.), (b.), (d.), (c.), (f.) and (e.), or (a.), (b.), (e.), (d.), (c.) and (f.), or (a.), (b.), (e.), (d.), (f.) and (c.), or (a.), (b.), (c.), (f.), (e.) and (d.) etc., wherein further elements as described herein, may also be contained, such as a 5′-CAP structure, stabilization sequences, IRES sequences, etc. Each of the elements (a.) to (f.) of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule, particularly b), may occur in di- or multicistronic constructs and/or each of the elements (a.), (c.) and (f.) may also be repeated at least once, preferably twice or more in the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule. As an example, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise its sequence elements (a.), (b.), (c.) and optionally (d.) in e.g. the following order. In all cases the artificial nucleic acid molecule may additionally comprise one or more optional 3′UTR element(s) and/or a poly(C) sequence as defined herein:

5′UTR—ORF—histone stem-loop—3′; or

5′UTR—ORF—ORF—histone stem-loop—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—IRES—ORF—histone stem-loop—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—histone stem-loop—poly(A) sequence—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—histone stem-loop—polyadenylation signal—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—ORF—histone stem-loop—polyadenylation signal—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—histone stem-loop—histone stem-loop—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—histone stem-loop—histone stem-loop—poly(A) sequence—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—histone stem-loop—histone stem-loop—polyadenylation signal—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—histone stem-loop—poly(A) sequence—histone stem-loop—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—poly(A) sequence—histone stem-loop—3′; or

5′ UTR—ORF—poly(A) sequence—histone stem-loop—histone stem-loop—3′; etc.

It is preferred that the above sequences comprise a poly(C) sequence. Preferably, this poly(C) sequence is located 5′ to the histone stem-loop, preferably between the poly(A) sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence.

In this context, it is particularly preferred that the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule comprises or codes for a) a 5′UTR element, b) an open reading frame, preferably encoding a peptide or protein; c) at least one histone stem-loop, and d) a poly(A) sequence or polyadenylation sequence; preferably for increasing the expression level of an encoded protein, wherein the encoded protein is preferably no histone protein, no reporter protein (e.g. Luciferase, GFP, EGFP, β-Galactosidase, particularly EGFP) and/or no marker or selection protein (e.g. alpha-Globin, Galactokinase and Xanthine:Guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (GPT)).

The open reading frame of the artificial nucleic acid molecule is not particularly limited. For example, the open reading frame may encode a protein or peptide that may be used for therapy of a disease. The particular choice of the protein or peptide depends on the disease to be treated and is not the subject of the invention. Accordingly, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may be for use in treatment of a disease that is treatable with the protein or peptide that is encoded by the open reading frame. The open reading frame may also encode a protein or peptide that may be used as an antigen for vaccination. Again, the particular choice of the protein or peptide depends on the disease or infection to be prevented. Accordingly, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may be for use in prevention of a disease by inducing a specific immune response.

However, the encoded protein is preferably no histone protein. In the context of the present invention, such a histone protein is typically a strongly alkaline protein found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. Histone proteins are the chief protein components of chromatin, act as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation. Without histones, the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of more than 10 million to one in human DNA). For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA, but wound on the histones it has about 90 millimeters of chromatin, which, when duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes. More preferably, in the context of the present invention, such a histone protein is typically defined as a highly conserved protein selected from one of the following five major classes of histones: H1/H5, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4″, preferably selected from mammalian histone, more preferably from human histones or histone proteins. Such histones or histone proteins are typically organised into two super-classes defined as core histones, comprising histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, and linker histones, comprising histones H1 and H5.

In this context, linker histones, are preferably excluded from the scope of protection of the pending invention, preferably mammalian linker histones, more preferably human linker histones, are typically selected from H1, including H1F, particularly including H1F0, H1FNT, H1FOO, H1FX, and H1H1, particularly including HIST1H1A, HIST1H1B, HIST1H1C, HIST1H1D, HIST1H1E, HIST1H1T.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, core histones which are preferably excluded from the scope of protection of the pending invention, preferably mammalian core histones, more preferably human core histones, are typically selected from H2A, including H2AF, particularly including H2AFB1, H2AFB2, H2AFB3, H2AFJ, H2AFV, H2AFX, H2AFY, H2AFY2, H2AFZ, and H2A1, particularly including HIST1H2AA, HIST1H2AB, HIST1H2AC, HIST1H2AD, HIST1H2AE, HIST1H2AG, HIST1H2AI, HIST1H2AJ, HIST1H2AK, HIST1H2AL, HIST1H2AM, and H2A2, particularly including HIST2H2AA3, HIST2H2AC; H2B, including H2BF, particularly including H2BFM, H2BFO, H2BFS, H2BFWT H2B1, particularly including HIST1H2BA, HIST1H2BB, HIST1H2BC, HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BE, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BH, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BJ, HIST1H2BK, HIST1H2BL, HIST1H2BM, HIST1H2BN, HIST1H2B0, and H2B2, particularly including HIST2H2BE; H3, including H3A1, particularly including HIST1H3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, HIST1H3D, HIST1H3E, HIST1H3F, HIST1H3G, HIST1H3H, HIST1H3I, HIST1H3J, and H3A2, particularly including HIST2H3C, and H3A3, particularly including HIST3H3; H4, including H41, particularly including HIST1H4A, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4C, HIST1H4D, HIST1H4E, HIST1H4F, HIST1H4G, HIST1H4H, HIST1H4I, HIST1H4J, HIST1H4K, HIST1H4L, and H44, particularly including HIST4H4, and H5.

Preferably, the protein encoded by the open reading frame is no reporter protein (e.g. Luciferase, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), β-Galactosidase) and no marker or selection protein (e.g. alpha-globin, Galactokinase and Xanthine:guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (GPT)). Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule of the invention does not contain a (bacterial) Neo gene sequence (Neomycin resistance gene).

Preferably, the ORF does not code for a protein selected from the group consisting of albumin proteins, α-globin proteins, β-globin proteins, tyrosine hydroxylase proteins, lipoxygenase proteins, and collagen alpha proteins.

In a preferred embodiment, the open reading frame does not code for human albumin, provided that the 3′UTR element is identical to the 3′UTR of human albumin. In some further embodiment, it is preferred that the open reading frame does not code for human albumin according to GenBank Accession number NM_000477.5 provided that the 3′UTR element is identical to the 3′UTR of human albumin. In some further embodiments, it is preferred that the open reading frame does not code for human albumin or variants thereof provided that the 3′UTR element is a sequence which is identical to SEQ ID No. 1369 or to a corresponding RNA sequence.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, it is preferred that the open reading frame does not code for a reporter protein selected from the group consisting of globin proteins, luciferase proteins, GFP proteins or variants thereof, for example, variants exhibiting at least 70% sequence identity to a globin protein, a luciferase protein, or a GFP protein.

Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably the open reading frame, is at least partially G/C modified. Thus, the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule may be thermodynamically stabilized by modifying the G (guanosine)/C (cytidine) content of the molecule. The G/C content of the open reading frame of an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention may be increased compared to the G/C content of the open reading frame of a corresponding wild type sequence, preferably by using the degeneration of the genetic code. Thus, the encoded amino acid sequence of the nucleic acid molecule is preferably not modified by the G/C modification compared to the coded amino acid sequence of the particular wild type sequence. The codons of a coding sequence or a whole nucleic acid molecule, e.g. an mRNA, may therefore be varied compared to the wild type coding sequence, such that they include an increased amount of G/C nucleotides while the translated amino acid sequence is maintained. In respect to the fact that several codons code for one and the same amino acid (so-called degeneration of the genetic code), the most favourable codons for the stability can be determined (so-called alternative codon usage).

Depending on the amino acid to be encoded by the coding region of the inventive nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, there are various possibilities for modification of the nucleic acid sequence, e.g. the open reading frame, compared to its wild type coding region. In the case of amino acids which are encoded by codons which contain exclusively G or C nucleotides, no modification of the codon is necessary. Thus, the codons for Pro (CCC or CCG), Arg (CGC or CGG), Ala (GCC or GCG) and Gly (GGC or GGG) require no modification, since no A or U/T is present.

In contrast, codons which contain A and/or U/T nucleotides may be modified by substitution of other codons which code for the same amino acids but contain no A and/or U/T. For example

the codons for Pro can be modified from CC(U/T) or CCA to CCC or CCG;

the codons for Arg can be modified from CG(U/T) or CGA or AGA or AGG to CGC or CGG;

the codons for Ala can be modified from GC(U/T) or GCA to GCC or GCG;

the codons for Gly can be modified from GG(U/T) or GGA to GGC or GGG.

In other cases, although A or (U/T) nucleotides cannot be eliminated from the codons, it is however possible to decrease the A and (U/T) content by using codons which contain a lower content of A and/or (U/T) nucleotides. Examples of these are:

The codons for Phe can be modified from (U/T)(U/T)(U/T) to (U/T) (U/T)C;

the codons for Leu can be modified from (U/T) (U/T)A, (U/T) (U/T)G, C(U/T) (U/T) or C(U/T)A to C(U/T)C or C(U/T)G;

the codons for Ser can be modified from (U/T)C(U/T) or (U/T)CA or AG(U/T) to (U/T)CC, (U/T)CG or AGC;

the codon for Tyr can be modified from (U/T)A(U/T) to (U/T)AC;

the codon for Cys can be modified from (U/T)G(U/T) to (U/T)GC;

the codon for His can be modified from CA(U/T) to CAC;

the codon for Gln can be modified from CAA to CAG;

the codons for Ile can be modified from A(U/T)(U/T) or A(U/T)A to A(U/T)C;

the codons for Thr can be modified from AC(U/T) or ACA to ACC or ACG;

the codon for Asn can be modified from AA(U/T) to AAC;

the codon for Lys can be modified from AAA to AAG;

the codons for Val can be modified from G(U/T)(U/T) or G(U/T)A to G(U/T)C or G(U/T)G;

the codon for Asp can be modified from GA(U/T) to GAC;

the codon for Glu can be modified from GAA to GAG;

the stop codon (U/T)AA can be modified to (U/T)AG or (U/T)GA.

In the case of the codons for Met (A(U/T)G) and Trp ((U/T)GG), on the other hand, there is no possibility of sequence modification without altering the encoded amino acid sequence.

The substitutions listed above can be used either individually or in all possible combinations to increase the G/C content of the open reading frame of the inventive nucleic acid sequence as defined herein, compared to its particular wild type open reading frame (i.e. the original sequence). Thus, for example, all codons for Thr occurring in the wild type sequence can be modified to ACC (or ACG).

Preferably, the G/C content of the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein is increased by at least 7%, more preferably by at least 15%, particularly preferably by at least 20%, compared to the G/C content of the wild type coding region. According to a specific embodiment at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80% and most preferably at least 90%, 95% or even 100% of the substitutable codons in the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule or a fragment, variant or derivative thereof are substituted, thereby increasing the G/C content of said open reading frame.

In this context, it is particularly preferable to increase the G/C content of the open reading frame of the inventive nucleic acid sequence as defined herein, to the maximum (i.e. 100% of the substitutable codons), compared to the wild type open reading frame.

Furthermore, the open reading frame is preferably at least partially codon-optimized. Codon-optimization is based on the finding that the translation efficiency may be determined by a different frequency in the occurrence of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in cells. Thus, if so-called “rare codons” are present in the coding region of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, to an increased extent, the translation of the corresponding modified nucleic acid sequence is less efficient than in the case where codons coding for relatively “frequent” tRNAs are present.

Thus, the open reading frame of the inventive nucleic acid sequence is preferably modified compared to the corresponding wild type coding region such that at least one codon of the wild type sequence which codes for a tRNA which is relatively rare in the cell is exchanged for a codon which codes for a tRNA which is comparably frequent in the cell and carries the same amino acid as the relatively rare tRNA. By this modification, the open reading frame of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, is modified such that codons for which frequently occurring tRNAs are available may replace codons which correspond to rare tRNAs. In other words, according to the invention, by such a modification all codons of the wild type open reading frame which code for a rare tRNA may be exchanged for a codon which codes for a tRNA which is more frequent in the cell and which carries the same amino acid as the rare tRNA. Which tRNAs occur relatively frequently in the cell and which, in contrast, occur relatively rarely is known to a person skilled in the art; cf. e.g. Akashi, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2001, 11(6): 660-666. Accordingly, preferably, the open reading frame is codon-optimized, preferably with respect to the system in which the nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is to be expressed, preferably with respect to the system in which the nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is to be translated. Preferably, the codon usage of the open reading frame is codon-optimized according to mammalian codon usage, more preferably according to human codon usage. Preferably, the open reading frame is codon-optimized and G/C-content modified.

For further improving degradation resistance, e.g. resistance to in vivo degradation by an exo- or endonuclease, and/or for further improving protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the artificial nucleic acid molecule may further comprise modifications, such as backbone modifications, sugar modifications and/or base modifications, e.g., lipid-modifications or the like. Preferably, the transcription and/or the translation of the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is not significantly impaired by said modifications.

Nucleotide analogues/modifications that may be used in the context of the present invention may be selected, for example, from 2-amino-6-chloropurineriboside-5′-triphosphate, 2-aminoadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 2-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 4-thiouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallyluridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-iodocytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-iodouridine-5′-triphosphate, 5-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 5-methyluridine-5′-triphosphate, 6-azacytidine-5′-triphosphate, 6-azauridine-5′-triphosphate, 6-chloropurineriboside-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine-5′-triphosphate, 8-azaadenosine-5′-triphosphate, 8-azidoadenosine-5′-triphosphate, benzimidazole-riboside-5′-triphosphate, N1-methyladenosine-5′-triphosphate, N1-methylguanosine-5′-triphosphate, N6-methyladenosine-5′-triphosphate, O6-methylguanosine-5′-triphosphate, pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate, or puromycin-5′-triphosphate, xanthosine-5′-triphosphate. Particular preference is given to nucleotides for base modifications selected from the group of base-modified nucleotides consisting of 5-methylcytidine-5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine-5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine-5′-triphosphate, and pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate.

Further, lipid-modified artificial nucleic acid molecules may typically comprise at least one linker which is covalently linked with the artificial nucleic acid molecule, and at least one lipid which is covalently linked with this linker. Alternatively, a lipid-modified artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise at least one artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein and at least one, preferably bifunctional lipid which is covalently linked, preferably without a linker, with that artificial nucleic acid molecule. According to a third alternative, a lipid-modified artificial nucleic acid molecule may comprise an artificial nucleic acid molecule as defined herein, at least one linker which is covalently linked with that artificial nucleic acid molecule, at least one lipid which is covalently linked with this linker, and additionally at least one, preferably bifunctional lipid which is covalently linked, preferably without a linker, with the artificial nucleic acid molecule.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a vector comprising

-   (a.) at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element)     which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is     derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a     variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene; -   (b.) at least one open reading frame and/or at least one cloning     site; and -   (c.) optionally, at least one histone stem-loop.

The cloning site may be suitable for accepting an open reading frame, i.e. an open reading frame coding for a protein or peptide to be expressed may be cloned into the vector via the cloning site.

The at least one 5′UTR element, the at least one ORF, and the at least one optional histone stem-loop are as described herein for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. The cloning site may be any sequence that is suitable for introducing an open reading frame or a sequence comprising an open reading frame, such as one or more restriction sites.

Thus, the vector comprising a cloning site is preferably suitable for inserting an open reading frame into the vector. Preferably, it may be suitable for inserting an open reading frame between the 5′UTR element and a desired 3′ structure such as a histone stem loop, a polyl(A) sequence, a polyadenylation signal and/or a 3′UTR element, more preferably it is suitable for insertion 5′ to the 3′ structure and 3′ to the 5′UTR element. For example the 3′ structure may comprise a histone stem-loop, a poly(A) sequence or a polyadenylation signal and/or a 3′UTR element as described above. Thereby the histone stem loop, the poly(A) sequence and/or the polyadenylation signal and the 3′UTR element may occur in any order that may be desired. Preferably, the cloning site or the ORF is located 5′ to the 3′UTR structure, preferably in close proximity to the 5′-end of the histone stem-loop, poly(A) sequence, polyadenylation signal and/or a 3′UTR element as described above. For example, the cloning site or the ORF may be directly connected to the 5′-end of the histone stem-loop, poly(A) sequence, polyadenylation signal and/or a 3′UTR element or they may be connected via a stretch of nucleotides, such as by a stretch of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 etc. nucleotides as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention. Preferably, the cloning site or the ORF is located 3′ to the 5′UTR element, preferably in close proximity to the 3′-end of the 5′UTR element. For example, the cloning site or the ORF may be directly connected to the 3′-end of the 5′UTR element or they may be connected via a stretch of nucleotides, such as by a stretch of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20 etc. nucleotides as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention.

Preferably, the vector according to the present invention is suitable for producing the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, preferably for producing an artificial mRNA according to the present invention, for example, by optionally inserting an open reading frame or a sequence comprising an open reading frame into the vector and transcribing the vector. Thus, preferably, the vector comprises elements needed for transcription, such as a promoter, e.g. an RNA polymerase promoter. Preferably, the vector is suitable for transcription using eukaryotic, prokaryotic, viral or phage transcription systems, such as eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, or eukaryotic, prokaryotic, viral or phage in vitro transcription systems. Thus, for example, the vector may comprise a promoter sequence, which is recognizes by a polymerase, such as by an RNA polymerase, e.g. by a eukaryotic, prokaryotic, viral, or phage RNA polymerase. In a preferred embodiment, the vector comprises a phage RNA polymerase promoter such as an SP6 or T7, preferably a T7 promoter. Preferably, the vector is suitable for in vitro transcription using a phage based in vitro transcription system, such as a T7 RNA polymerase based in vitro transcription system.

The vector may further comprise a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal and/or a poly(C) sequence as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention.

The vector may be an RNA vector or a DNA vector. Preferably, the vector is a DNA vector. The vector may be any vector known to the skilled person, such as a viral vector or a plasmid vector. Preferably, the vector is a plasmid vector, preferably a DNA plasmid vector.

In a preferred embodiment, the vector according to the present invention comprises or codes for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention.

Preferably, a vector according to the present invention comprises a sequence according to SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461, SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a sequence according to SEQ ID NOs. 1368 or 1452-1460, a fragment thereof as described above, or a corresponding RNA sequence, or a sequence having an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%; even more preferably of at least about 99% to a sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461, SEQ ID NO. 1462, or a sequence according to SEQ ID NOs. 1368 or 1452-1460, a fragment thereof as described above, preferably a functional fragment thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence.

Preferably, a vector according to the present invention comprises a sequence according to any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1369-1390 and 1434, a fragment thereof as described above or a corresponding RNA sequence, or a sequence having an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%; even more preferably of at least about 99% to a sequence according to any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1369-1390 and 1434 or a fragment thereof as described above, preferably a functional fragment thereof, or a corresponding RNA sequence.

Preferably, a vector according to the present invention comprises a sequence according to any one of SEQ ID Nos. 1391-1433 or a corresponding RNA sequence, or a sequence having an identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 85%, even more preferably of at least about 90%; even more preferably of at least about 95% to a sequence according to SEQ ID Nos. 1433 as described above or a corresponding RNA sequence.

Preferably, the vector is a circular molecule. Preferably, the vector is a double-stranded molecule, such as a double stranded DNA molecule. Such circular, preferably double stranded DNA molecule may be used conveniently as a storage form for the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule. Furthermore, it may be used for transfection of cells, for example, cultured cells. Also it may be used for in vitro transcription for obtaining an artificial RNA molecule according to the invention.

Preferably, the vector, preferably the circular vector, is linearizable, for example, by restriction enzyme digestion. In a preferred embodiment, the vector comprises a cleavage site, such as a restriction site, preferably a unique cleavage site, located immediately 3′ to the open reading frame or—if present—to the histone stem-loop, or—if present—to the poly(A) sequence or the polyadenylation signal, or—if present—to the 3′UTR element, or—if present—to the poly(C) sequence. Thus, preferably, the product obtained by linearizing the vector terminates at the 3′end with the 3′-end of the open reading frame, or—if present—with the 3′-end of the histone stem loop, or—if present—with the 3′-end of the poly(A) sequence or the 3′-end of the polyadenylation signal, or—if present—with the 3′-end of a 3′UTR element, plus some optional nucleotides, e.g. remaining from the restriction site after cleavage.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a cell comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or the vector according to the present invention. The cell may be any cell, such as a bacterial cell, insect cell, plant cell, vertebrate cell, e.g. a mammalian cell. Such cell may be, e.g., used for replication of the vector of the present invention, for example, in a bacterial cell. Furthermore, the cell may be used for transcribing the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention and/or translating the open reading frame of the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention. For example, the cell may be used for recombinant protein production.

The cells according to the present invention are, for example, obtainable by standard nucleic acid transfer methods, such as standard transfection methods. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention may be transferred into the cell by electroporation, lipofection, e.g. based on cationic lipids and/or liposomes, calcium phosphate precipitation, nanoparticle based transfection, virus based transfection, or based on cationic polymers, such as DEAE-dextran or polyethylenimine etc.

Preferably, the cell is a mammalian cell, such as a cell of a human subject, a domestic animal, a laboratory animal, such as a mouse or rat cell. Preferably the cell is a human cell. The cell may be a cell of an established cell line, such as a CHO, BHK, 293T, COS-7, HELA, HEK etc. cell, or the cell may be a primary cell, such as a HDF cell, preferably a cell isolated from an organism. In a preferred embodiment, the cell is an isolated cell of a mammalian subject, preferably of a human subject. For example, the cell may be an immune cell, such as a dendritic cell, a cancer or tumor cell, or any somatic cell etc., preferably of a mammalian subject, preferably of a human subject.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according the present invention, or the cell according to the present invention. The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be used, e.g., as a vaccine, for example, for genetic vaccination. Thus, the ORF may, e.g., encode an antigen to be administered to a patient for vaccination. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is a vaccine. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be used, e.g., for gene therapy.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, vehicles, fillers and/or diluents. In the context of the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle typically includes a liquid or non-liquid basis for the inventive pharmaceutical composition. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is provided in liquid form. In this context, preferably, the vehicle is based on water, such as pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g phosphate, citrate etc. buffered solutions. The buffer may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic with reference to the specific reference medium, i.e. the buffer may have a higher, identical or lower salt content with reference to the specific reference medium, wherein preferably such concentrations of the afore mentioned salts may be used, which do not lead to damage of mammalian cells due to osmosis or other concentration effects. Reference media are e.g. liquids occurring in “in vivo” methods, such as blood, lymph, cytosolic liquids, or other body liquids, or e.g. liquids, which may be used as reference media in “in vitro” methods, such as common buffers or liquids. Such common buffers or liquids are known to a skilled person. Ringer-Lactate solution is particularly preferred as a liquid basis.

One or more compatible solid or liquid fillers or diluents or encapsulating compounds suitable for administration to a patient may be used as well for the inventive pharmaceutical composition. The term “compatible” as used herein preferably means that these components of the inventive pharmaceutical composition are capable of being mixed with the inventive nucleic acid, vector or cells as defined herein in such a manner that no interaction occurs which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the inventive pharmaceutical composition under typical use conditions.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may optionally further comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically active components. A pharmaceutically active component in this context is a compound that exhibits a therapeutic effect to heal, ameliorate or prevent a particular indication or disease. Such compounds include, without implying any limitation, peptides or proteins, nucleic acids, (therapeutically active) low molecular weight organic or inorganic compounds (molecular weight less than 5000, preferably less than 1000), sugars, antigens or antibodies, therapeutic agents already known in the prior art, antigenic cells, antigenic cellular fragments, cellular fractions, cell wall components (e.g. polysaccharides), modified, attenuated or de-activated (e.g. chemically or by irradiation) pathogens (virus, bacteria etc.).

Furthermore, the inventive pharmaceutical composition may comprise a carrier for the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector. Such a carrier may be suitable for mediating dissolution in physiological acceptable liquids, transport and cellular uptake of the pharmaceutical active artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector. Accordingly, such a carrier may be a component which may be suitable for depot and delivery of an artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector according to the invention. Such components may be, for example, cationic or polycationic carriers or compounds which may serve as transfection or complexation agent.

Particularly preferred transfection or complexation agents in this context are cationic or polycationic compounds, including protamine, nucleoline, spermine or spermidine, or other cationic peptides or proteins, such as poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly-arginine, basic polypeptides, cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), including HIV-binding peptides, HIV-1 Tat (HIV), Tat-derived peptides, Penetratin, VP22 derived or analog peptides, HSV VP22 (Herpes simplex), MAP, KALA or protein transduction domains (PTDs), PpT620, prolin-rich peptides, arginine-rich peptides, lysinerich peptides, MPG-peptide(s), Pep-1, L-oligomers, Calcitonin peptide(s), Antennapedia-derived peptides (particularly from Drosophila antennapedia), pAntp, pIsl, FGF, Lactoferrin, Transportan, Buforin-2, Bac715-24, SynB, SynB(1), pVEC, hCT-derived peptides, SAP, or histones.

Furthermore, such cationic or polycationic compounds or carriers may be cationic or polycationic peptides or proteins, which preferably comprise or are additionally modified to comprise at least one —SH moiety. Preferably, a cationic or polycationic carrier is selected from cationic peptides having the following sum formula (III):

{(Arg)_(l);(Lys)_(m);(His)_(n);(Orn)_(o);(Xaa)_(x)};  formula (III)

wherein l+m+n+o+x=3-100, and 1, m, n or o independently of each other is any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90 and 91-100 provided that the overall content of Arg (Arginine), Lys (Lysine), His (Histidine) and Orn (Ornithine) represents at least 10% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide; and Xaa is any amino acid selected from native (=naturally occurring) or non-native amino acids except of Arg, Lys, His or Orn; and x is any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, provided, that the overall content of Xaa does not exceed 90% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide. Any of amino acids Arg, Lys, His, Orn and Xaa may be positioned at any place of the peptide. In this context cationic peptides or proteins in the range of 7-30 amino acids are particular preferred.

Further, the cationic or polycationic peptide or protein, when defined according to formula {(Arg)_(l);(Lys)_(m);(His)_(n);(Orn)_(o);(Xaa)_(x)} (formula (III)) as shown above and which comprise or are additionally modified to comprise at least one —SH moeity, may be, without being restricted thereto, selected from subformula (IIIa):

{(Arg)_(l);(Lys)_(m);(His)_(n);(Orn)_(o);(Xaa′)_(x)(Cys)_(y)}  subformula (IIIa)

wherein (Arg)_(l);(Lys)_(m);(His)_(n);(Orn)_(o); and x are as defined herein, Xaa′ is any amino acid selected from native (=naturally occurring) or non-native amino acids except of Arg, Lys, His, Orn or Cys and y is any number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80 and 81-90, provided that the overall content of Arg (Arginine), Lys (Lysine), His (Histidine) and Orn (Ornithine) represents at least 10% of all amino acids of the oligopeptide. Further, the cationic or polycationic peptide may be selected from subformula (IIIb):

Cys₁{(Arg)_(l);(Lys)_(m);(His)_(n);(Orn)_(o);(Xaa)_(x)} Cys₂  subformula (IIIb)

wherein empirical formula {(Arg)_(l);(Lys)_(m);(His)_(n);(Orn)_(o);(Xaa)_(x)} (formula (III)) is as defined herein and forms a core of an amino acid sequence according to (semiempirical) formula (III) and wherein Cys₁ and Cys₂ are Cysteines proximal to, or terminal to (Arg)_(l);(Lys)_(m);(His)_(n);(Orn)_(o);(Xaa)_(x).

Further preferred cationic or polycationic compounds, which can be used as transfection or complexation agent may include cationic polysaccharides, for example chitosan, polybrene, cationic polymers, e.g. polyethyleneimine (PEI), cationic lipids, e.g. DOTMA: [1-(2,3-sioleyloxy)propyl)]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride, DMRIE, di-C14-amidine, DOTIM, SAINT, DC-Chol, BGTC, CTAP, DOPC, DODAP, DOPE: Dioleyl phosphatidylethanol-amine, DOSPA, DODAB, DOIC, DMEPC, DOGS: Dioctadecylamidoglicylspermin, DIMRI: Dimyristo-oxypropyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide, DOTAP: dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonio)propane, DC-6-14: O,O-ditetradecanoyl-N-(α-trimethylammonioacetyl)diethanolamine chloride, CLIP1: rac-[(2,3-dioctadecyloxypropyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)]-dimethylammonium chloride, CLIP6: rac-[2(2,3-dihexadecyloxypropyl-oxymethyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium, CLIPS: rac-[2(2,3-dihexadecyloxypropyl-oxysuccinyloxy)ethyl]-trimethylammonium, oligofectamine, or cationic or polycationic polymers, e.g. modified polyaminoacids, such as β-aminoacid-polymers or reversed polyamides, etc., modified polyethylenes, such as PVP (poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide)), etc., modified acrylates, such as pDMAEMA (poly(dimethylaminoethyl methylacrylate)), etc., modified Amidoamines such as pAMAM (poly(amidoamine)), etc., modified polybetaaminoester (PBAE), such as diamine end modified 1,4 butanediol diacrylate-co-5-amino-1-pentanol polymers, etc., dendrimers, such as polypropylamine dendrimers or pAMAM based dendrimers, etc., polyimine(s), such as PEI: poly(ethyleneimine), poly(propyleneimine), etc., polyallylamine, sugar backbone based polymers, such as cyclodextrin based polymers, dextran based polymers, chitosan, etc., silan backbone based polymers, such as PMOXA-PDMS copolymers, etc., blockpolymers consisting of a combination of one or more cationic blocks (e.g. selected from a cationic polymer as mentioned above) and of one or more hydrophilic or hydrophobic blocks (e.g polyethyleneglycole); etc.

In this context, it is particularly preferred that the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule or the inventive vector is complexed at least partially with a cationic or polycationic compound, preferably cationic proteins or peptides. Partially means that only a part of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule or the inventive vector is complexed with a cationic or polycationic compound and that the rest of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecule or the inventive vector is in uncomplexed form (“free”). Preferably the ratio of complexed nucleic acid to: free nucleic acid is selected from a range. of about 5:1 (w/w) to about 1:10 (w/w), more preferably from a range of about 4:1 (w/w) to about 1:8 (w/w), even more preferably from a range of about 3:1 (w/w) to about 1:5 (w/w) or 1:3 (w/w), and most preferably the ratio of complexed nucleic acid to free nucleic acid is selected from a ratio of about 1:1 (w/w).

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may optionally further comprise one or more adjuvants, for example, adjuvants for stimulating the innate immune system or for enhancing cellular uptake of the artificial nucleic acid molecule or vector. In this context, an adjuvant may be understood as any compound, which is suitable to initiate or increase an immune response of the innate immune system, i.e. a non-specific immune response. In other words, when administered, the inventive pharmaceutical composition preferably elicits an innate immune response due to the adjuvant, optionally contained therein. Preferably, such an adjuvant may be an adjuvant supporting the induction of an innate immune response in a mammal. Such an adjuvant may be, for example, an immunostimulatory nucleic acid, i.e. a nucleic acid that may bind to a Toll-like-receptor or the like, preferably an immunostimulatory RNA.

Such adjuvants, preferably such immunostimulatory nucleic acids, may induce an innate, i.e. unspecific, immune response which may support a specific, i.e. adaptive, immune response to the peptide or protein, i.e. the antigen, encoded by the artificial nucleic acid molecule of the pharmaceutical composition, preferably the vaccine.

The inventive pharmaceutical composition may also additionally comprise any further compound, which is known to be immunostimulating due to its binding affinity (as ligands) to human Toll-like receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, or due to its binding affinity (as ligands) to murine Toll-like receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12 or TLR13.

Further additives which may be included in the inventive pharmaceutical composition are, e.g., emulsifiers, such as, for example, Tween; wetting agents, such as, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate; colouring agents; taste-imparting agents, pharmaceutical carriers; tablet-forming agents; stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives etc.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention preferably comprises a “safe and effective amount” of the components of the pharmaceutical composition, particularly of the inventive nucleic acid sequence, the vector and/or the cells as defined herein. As used herein, a “safe and effective amount” means an amount sufficient to significantly induce a positive modification of a disease or disorder as defined herein. At the same time, however, a “safe and effective amount” preferably avoids serious side-effects and permits a sensible relationship between advantage and risk. The determination of these limits typically lies within the scope of sensible medical judgment.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use as a medicament, for example, as vaccine (in genetic vaccination) or in gene therapy.

The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention are particularly suitable for any medical application which makes use of the therapeutic action or effect of peptides, polypeptides or proteins, or where supplementation of a particular peptide or protein is needed. Thus, the present invention provides the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for use in the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders amenable to treatment by the therapeutic action or effect of peptides, polypeptides or proteins or amenable to treatment by supplementation of a particular peptide, polypeptide or protein. For example, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be used for the treatment or prevention of genetic diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancerous or tumour-related diseases, infectious diseases, chronic diseases or the like, e.g., by genetic vaccination or gene therapy.

In particular, such therapeutic treatments which benefit from a stable, prolonged and/or increased presence of therapeutic peptides, polypeptides or proteins in a subject to be treated are especially suitable as medical application in the context of the present invention, since the 5′UTR element in particular in combination with a histone stem-loop provides for increased protein expression from the ORF of the inventive nucleic acid molecule. Thus, a particularly suitable medical application for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is vaccination, for example against infections or tumours. Thus, the present invention provides the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention for vaccination of a subject, preferably a mammalian subject, more preferably a human subject. Preferred vaccination treatments are vaccination against infectious diseases, such as bacterial, protozoal or viral infections, and anti-tumour-vaccination. Such vaccination treatments may be prophylactic or therapeutic.

Depending on the disease to be treated or prevented, the ORF may be selected. For example, the open reading frame may code for a protein that has to be supplied to a patient suffering from total lack or at least partial loss of function of a protein, such as a patient suffering from a genetic disease. Additionally, the open reading frame may be chosen from an ORF coding for a peptide or protein which beneficially influences a disease or the condition of a subject. Furthermore, the open reading frame may code for a peptide or protein which effects down-regulation of a pathological overproduction of a natural peptide or protein or elimination of cells expressing pathologically a protein or peptide. Such lack, loss of function or overproduction may, e.g., occur in the context of tumour and neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, allergies, infections, chronic diseases or the like. Furthermore, the open reading frame may code for an antigen or immunogen, e.g. for an epitope of a pathogen or for a tumour antigen. Thus, in preferred embodiments, the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention comprises an ORF encoding an amino acid sequence comprising or consisting of an antigen or immunogen, e.g. an epitope of a pathogen or a tumour-associated antigen, a 5′UTR element as described above, preferably a histone stem-loop as described herein, and optional further components, such as a 3′UTR element and/or a poly(A) sequence and/or a poly(C) sequence etc. as described herein.

In the context of medical application, in particular, in the context of vaccination, it is preferred that the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention is RNA, preferably mRNA, since DNA harbours the risk of eliciting an anti-DNA immune response and tends to insert into genomic DNA. However, in some embodiments, for example, if a viral delivery vehicle, such as an adenoviral delivery vehicle is used for delivery of the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector according to the present invention, e.g., in the context of gene therapeutic treatments, it may be desirable that the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector is a DNA molecule.

The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, intracranial, transdermal, intradermal, intrapulmonal, intraperitoneal, intracardial, intraarterial, and sublingual injection or infusion techniques.

Preferably, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention is administered parenterally, e.g. by parenteral injection, more preferably by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, intracranial, transdermal, intradermal, intrapulmonal, intraperitoneal, intracardial, intraarterial, sublingual injection or via infusion techniques. Particularly preferred is intradermal and intramuscular injection. Sterile injectable forms of the inventive pharmaceutical composition may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.

The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also be administered orally in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.

The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, e.g. including diseases of the skin or of any other accessible epithelial tissue. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs. For topical applications, the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be formulated in a suitable ointment suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.

In one embodiment, the use as a medicament comprises the step of transfection of mammalian cells, preferably in vitro transfection of mammalian cells, more preferably in vitro transfection of isolated cells of a subject to be treated by the medicament. If the use comprises the in vitro transfection of isolated cells, the use as a medicament may further comprise the (re)administration of the transfected cells to the patient. The use of the inventive artificial nucleic acid molecules or the vector as a medicament may further comprise the step of selection of successfully transfected isolated cells. Thus, it may be beneficial if the vector further comprises a selection marker. Also, the use as a medicament may comprise in vitro transfection of isolated cells and purification of an expression-product, i.e. the encoded peptide or protein from these cells. This purified peptide or protein may subsequently be administered to a subject in need thereof.

The present invention also provides a method for treating or preventing a disease or disorder as described above comprising administering the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention, the vector according to the present invention, the cell according to the present invention, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention to a subject in need thereof.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a disease or disorder comprising transfection of a cell with an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or with the vector according to the present invention. Said transfection may be performed in vitro or in vivo. In a preferred embodiment, transfection of a cell is performed in vitro and the transfected cell is administered to a subject in need thereof, preferably to a human patient. Preferably, the cell which is to be transfected in vitro is an isolated cell of the subject, preferably of the human patient. Thus, the present invention provides a method of treatment comprising the steps of isolating a cell from a subject, preferably from a human patient, transfecting the isolated cell with the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or the vector according to the present invention, and administering the transfected cell to the subject, preferably the human patient.

The method of treating or preventing a disorder according to the present invention is preferably a vaccination method and/or a gene therapy method as described above.

As described above, the 5′UTR element, preferably, the histone stem-loop, and optionally the poly(A)sequence and/or the 3′UTR element are capable of increasing protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule, such as an mRNA or vector, comprising these elements and an ORF, preferably in an at least additive, preferably in a synergistic manner. Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for increasing protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising the step of associating the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably an ORF contained within the artificial nucleic acid molecule, with (i) at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene as described above, preferably (ii) at least one histone stem-loop as described herein, and optionally one or more further elements, such as a poly(A)sequence and/or polyadenylation signal, and/or a poly(C) sequence, and/or a 3′UTR element, which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence derived from the 3′UTR of a chordate gene, preferably a vertebrate gene, more preferably a mammalian gene, most preferably a human gene, or from a variant of the 3′UTR of a chordate gene, preferably a vertebrate gene, more preferably a mammalian gene, most preferably a human gene as described above.

Associating the artificial nucleic acid molecule or the vector with a 5′UTR element and preferably a histone stem-loop as well as optional further elements in the context of the present invention preferably means functionally associating or functionally combining an artificial nucleic acid molecule, e.g. comprising an ORF, such as an mRNA or a vector, with the 5′UTR element and optionally the histone stem-loop and/or the poly(A) sequence and/or the 3′UTR element. This means that the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably the ORF contained within the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the 5′UTR element and preferably the histone stem-loop and the optional further elements, such as the poly(A)sequence and/or the 3′UTR element as described above, are associated or coupled such that the function of the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop and the optional further elements, e.g. protein production increasing function, is exerted. Typically, this means that the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop and optionally the poly(A)sequence and/or the 3′UTR element are integrated into the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably into the mRNA molecule or the vector, such that the open reading frame is positioned between the 5′UTR element and the optional histone stem-loop and the optional poly(A)sequence and/or the optional 3′UTR element.

The product of said method is preferably the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or the vector according to the present invention. Thus, e.g. the nature and sequence of the elements, such as the 5′UTR element, the histone stem-loop, the poly(A) sequence, the polyadenylation signal, the poly(C) sequence, and the 3′UTR element are as described above for the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the present invention or the vector according to the present invention.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene as described above, preferably at least one histone stem-loop, and optionally further elements, such as a poly(A)sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal, and/or a poly(C) signal), and/or a 3′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence derived from the 3′UTR of a chordate gene, preferably a vertebrate gene, more preferably a mammalian gene, most preferably a human gene, or from a variant of the 3′UTR of a chordate gene, preferably a vertebrate gene, more preferably a mammalian gene, most preferably a human gene as described above for increasing protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule, such as an mRNA or a vector.

The use according to the present invention preferably comprises associating the artificial nucleic acid molecule with the 5′UTR element, preferably the histone stem-loop and optional further elements, such as a poly(A)sequence or 3′UTR element etc., as described above.

The compounds and ingredients of the inventive pharmaceutical composition may also be manufactured and traded separately of each other. Thus, the invention relates further to a kit or kit of parts comprising an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, a vector according to the present invention, a cell according to the invention, and/or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. Preferably, such kit or kit of parts may, additionally, comprise instructions for use, cells for transfection, an adjuvant, a means for administration of the pharmaceutical composition, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an pharmaceutically acceptable solution for dissolution or dilution of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the vector, the cells or the pharmaceutical composition.

The following Figures, Sequences and Examples are intended to illustrate the invention further. They are not intended to limit the subject-matter of the invention thereto.

FIG. 1: shows the histone stem-loop consensus sequence generated from metazoan and protozoan stem-loop sequences (as reported by Dávila López, M., & Samuelsson, T. (2008), RNA (New York, N.Y.), 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1261/rna.782308). 4001 histone stem-loop sequences from metazoa and protozoa were aligned and the quantity of the occurring nucleotides is indicated for every position in the stem-loop sequence. The generated consensus sequence representing all nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed is given using the single-letter nucleotide code. In addition to the consensus sequence, sequences are shown representing at least 99%, 95% and 90% of the nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed.

FIG. 2: shows the histone stem-loop consensus sequence generated from protozoan stem-loop sequences (as reported by Dávila López, M., & Samuelsson, T. (2008), RNA (New York, N.Y.), 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1261/rna.782308). 131 histone stem-loop sequences from protozoa were aligned and the quantity of the occurring nucleotides is indicated for every position in the stem-loop sequence. The generated consensus sequence representing all nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed is given using the single-letter nucleotide code. In addition to the consensus sequence, sequences are shown representing at least 99%, 95% and 90% of the nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed.

FIG. 3: shows the histone stem-loop consensus sequence generated from metazoan stem-loop sequences (as reported by Dávila López, M., & Samuelsson, T. (2008), RNA (New York, N.Y.), 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1261/rna.782308). 3870 histone stem-loop sequences from metazoa were aligned and the quantity of the occurring nucleotides is indicated for every position in the stem-loop sequence. The generated consensus sequence representing all nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed is given using the single-letter nucleotide code. In addition to the consensus sequence, sequences are shown representing at least 99%, 95% and 90% of the nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed.

FIG. 4: shows the histone stem-loop consensus sequence generated from vertebrate stem-loop sequences (as reported by Dávila López, M., & Samuelsson, T. (2008), RNA (New York, N.Y.), 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1261/rna.782308). 1333 histone stem-loop sequences from vertebrates were aligned and the quantity of the occurring nucleotides is indicated for every position in the stem-loop sequence. The generated consensus sequence representing all nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed is given using the single-letter nucleotide code. In addition to the consensus sequence, sequences are shown representing at least 99%, 95% and 90% of the nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed.

FIG. 5: shows the histone stem-loop consensus sequence generated from human (Homo sapiens) stem-loop sequences (as reported by Dávila López, M., & Samuelsson, T. (2008), RNA (New York, N.Y.), 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1261/rna.782308). 84 histone stem-loop sequences from humans were aligned and the quantity of the occurring nucleotides is indicated for every position in the stem-loop sequence. The generated consensus sequence representing all nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed is given using the single-letter nucleotide code. In addition to the consensus sequence, sequences are shown representing at least 99%, 95% and 90% of the nucleotides present in the sequences analyzed.

FIG. 6 shows the nucleotide sequence of a Photinus pyralis luciferase encoding nucleic acid molecule PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. This artificial construct does not comprise a 5′UTR element or a histone stem loop. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The sequence depicted in FIG. 6 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1364.

FIG. 7 shows the nucleotide sequence of RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 32 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract was inserted 5′ of the ORF. A histoneSL was appended 3′ of A64 poly(A). The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 7 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1365.

FIG. 8 shows that the combination of the 5′UTR element derived from the 5′UTR of the TOP gene RPL32 and a histone stem-loop increases protein production from mRNA strongly. The effect of the combination of the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop on luciferase expression from mRNA was examined. To this end, different mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) by lipofection. Luciferase levels were measured at 24 hours after transfection. Luciferase was clearly expressed from mRNA having neither 5′UTR element nor histoneSL. Strikingly however, the combination of 5′UTR element and histoneSL strongly increased the luciferase level. The magnitude of the rise in luciferase level due to combining 5′UTR element and histoneSL in the same mRNA indicates that they are acting synergistically. Data are graphed as mean RLU±SD (relative light units±standard deviation) for duplicate transfections. RLU are summarized in Example 5.1.

FIG. 9 shows the nucleotide sequence of PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. A histoneSL was appended 3′ of A64 poly(A). The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The histone stem-loop sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 9 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1464.

FIG. 10 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 32 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract was inserted 5′ of the ORF. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 10 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1463.

FIG. 11 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 32 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract was inserted 5′ of the ORF. A histoneSL was appended 3′ of A64 poly(A). The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 11 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1480.

FIG. 12 is a graphical representation of the effect of the 5′UTR element derived from the 5′UTR of the TOP gene RPL32, the histone stem-loop, and the combination of the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop on luciferase expression from mRNA. A variety of mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) by lipofection. Luciferase levels were measured at 8, 24, and 48 hours after transfection. Both, either the histone stem-loop or the 5′UTR element increase luciferase levels compared to mRNA lacking both these elements. Strikingly, the combination of 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop further strongly increases the luciferase level, much above the level observed with either of the individual elements, thus acting synergistically. Data are graphed as mean RLU±SEM (relative light units±standard error) for triplicate transfections. RLU are summarized in Example 5.2.

FIG. 13 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl32—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The albumin7 3′UTR element replaced the alpha-globin 3′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 7 (which contains the rpl32 5′UTR element). The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 13 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1481.

FIG. 14 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl35—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 35 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 14 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1436.

FIG. 15 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl21—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 21 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 15 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1437.

FIG. 16 shows the nucleotide sequence of atp5a1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 16 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1438.

FIG. 17 shows the nucleotide sequence of HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 17 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1439.

FIG. 18 shows the nucleotide sequence of AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human androgen-induced 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 18 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1440.

FIG. 19 shows the nucleotide sequence of COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 19 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1441.

FIG. 20 shows the nucleotide sequence of ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 20 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1442.

FIG. 21 is a graphical representation of the effect of the 5′UTR element derived from the TOP genes RPL32, RPL35, RPL21, ATP5A1, HSD17B4, AIG1, COX6C and ASAH1 on luciferase expression from mRNA. The mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) by lipofection. Luciferase levels were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after transfection. The 5′UTR elements strongly increase luciferase levels compared to mRNA lacking a 5′UTR element. Data are graphed as mean RLU±SEM (relative light units±standard error) for triplicate transfections. RLU are summarized in Example 5.3.

FIG. 22 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl35—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 35 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 10. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 22 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1466.

FIG. 23 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl21—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 21 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 10. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 23 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1467.

FIG. 24 shows the nucleotide sequence of atp5a1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 10. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 24 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1468.

FIG. 25 shows the nucleotide sequence of HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 10. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 25 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1469.

FIG. 26 shows the nucleotide sequence of AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human androgen-induced 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 10. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 26 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1470.

FIG. 27 shows the nucleotide sequence of COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 10. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 27 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1471.

FIG. 28 shows the nucleotide sequence of ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64. The 5′UTR of human N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 10. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 28 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1472.

FIG. 29 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl35—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 35 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 11. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 29 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1473.

FIG. 30 shows the nucleotide sequence of rpl21—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 21 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 11. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 30 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1474.

FIG. 31 shows the nucleotide sequence of atp5a1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 11. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 31 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1475.

FIG. 32 shows the nucleotide sequence of HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 11. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 32 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1476.

FIG. 33 shows the nucleotide sequence of AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human androgen-induced 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 11. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 33 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1477.

FIG. 34 shows the nucleotide sequence of COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 11. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 34 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1478.

FIG. 35 shows the nucleotide sequence of ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of human N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase (acid ceramidase) 1 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 11. The coding region for PpLuc(GC) is depicted in italics. The 5′UTR element sequence and the histone stem-loop sequence are underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 35 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1479.

FIG. 36 is a graphical representation of the effect of 5′UTR elements derived from 5′UTRs of the TOP genes RPL35, RPL21, ATP5A1, HSD17B4, AIG1, COX6C and ASAH1, the histone stem-loop, and the combination of 5′UTR elements and histone stem-loop on luciferase expression from mRNA. The different mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) by lipofection. Luciferase levels were measured at 8, 24, and 48 hours after transfection. Both, either the histone stem-loop or the 5′UTR elements increase luciferase levels compared to mRNA lacking both these elements. Strikingly, the combination of 5′UTR elements and histone stem-loop further strongly increases the luciferase level, much above the level observed with either of the individual elements, thus acting synergistically. Data are graphed as mean RLU±SEM (relative light units±standard error) for triplicate transfections. The synergy between 5′UTR elements and histone stem-loop is summarized in example 5.4.

FIG. 37 shows the nucleotide sequence of mrpl21—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of murine ribosomal protein Large 21 lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 36 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1443.

FIG. 38 shows the nucleotide sequence of mrpl35A—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL. The 5′UTR of murine ribosomal protein Large 35A lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract replaced the rpl32 5′UTR element in the construct shown in FIG. 13. The 5′UTR element sequence is underlined. The sequence depicted in FIG. 37 corresponds to SEQ ID No. 1444.

FIG. 39 is a graphical representation of the effect of the 5′UTR elements derived from 5′UTRs of mouse TOP genes on luciferase expression from mRNA. mRNAs containing either a mouse or a human 5′UTR element were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) by lipofection. Luciferase levels were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after transfection. Mouse 5′UTR elements strongly increase luciferase levels compared to mRNA lacking a 5′UTR element, similarly as the human 5′UTR element. Data are graphed as mean RLU±SEM (relative light units±standard error) for triplicate transfections. RLU are summarized in Example 5.5.

-   SEQ ID No. 1-1363. 1435, and 1461-1462 sequences comprising 5′UTRs     of TOP genes -   SEQ ID No. 1364 PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 6) -   SEQ ID No. 1365 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 7) -   SEQ ID No. 1366 fragment of the 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein     Large 32 -   SEQ ID No. 1367 fragment of the 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein     Large 32 -   SEQ ID No. 1368 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 32 lacking     the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID No. 1369 Human albumin 3′UTR -   SEQ ID No. 1370 3′UTR of Homo sapiens hemoglobin, alpha 1 (HBA1) -   SEQ ID No. 1371 3′UTR of Homo sapiens hemoglobin, alpha 2 (HBA2) -   SEQ ID No. 1372 3′UTR of Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB) -   SEQ ID No. 1373 3′UTR of Homo sapiens tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) -   SEQ ID No. 1374 3′UTR of Homo sapiens arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase     (ALOX15) -   SEQ ID No. 1375 3′UTR of Homo sapiens collagen, type I, alpha 1     (COL1A1) -   SEQ ID No. 1376 albumin? 3′UTR -   SEQ ID No. 1377 Human albumin 3′UTR+poly(A) sequence -   SEQ ID No. 1378 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 1 -   SEQ ID No. 1379 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 2 -   SEQ ID No. 1380 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 3 -   SEQ ID No. 1381 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 4 -   SEQ ID No. 1382 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 5 -   SEQ ID No. 1383 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 6 -   SEQ ID No. 1384 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 7 -   SEQ ID No. 1385 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 8 -   SEQ ID No. 1386 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 9 -   SEQ ID No. 1387 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 10 -   SEQ ID No. 1388 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 11 -   SEQ ID No. 1389 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 12 -   SEQ ID No. 1390 Human albumin 3′UTR fragment 13 -   SEQ ID NO. 1391 Sequence according to formula (Ic) -   SEQ ID NO. 1392 Sequence according to formula (IIc): -   SEQ ID NO. 1393 Sequence according to formula (Id): -   SEQ ID NO. 1394 Sequence according to formula (IId) -   SEQ ID NO. 1395 Sequence according to formula (Ie) -   SEQ ID NO. 1396 Sequence according to formula (IIe) -   SEQ ID NO. 1397 Sequence according to formula (If) -   SEQ ID NO. 1398 Sequence according to formula (IIf) -   SEQ ID NO. 1399 Sequence according to formula (Ig) -   SEQ ID NO. 1400 Sequence according to formula (IIg) -   SEQ ID NO. 1401 Sequence according to formula (Ih) -   SEQ ID NO. 1402 Sequence according to formula (IIh) -   SEQ ID NO. 1403 Sequence according to formula (Ic) -   SEQ ID NO. 1404 Sequence according to formula (Ic) -   SEQ ID NO. 1405 Sequence according to formula (Ic) -   SEQ ID NO. 1406 Sequence according to formula (Ie) -   SEQ ID NO. 1407 Sequence according to formula (Ie) -   SEQ ID NO. 1408 Sequence according to formula (Ie) -   SEQ ID NO. 1409 Sequence according to formula (If) -   SEQ ID NO. 1410 Sequence according to formula (If) -   SEQ ID NO. 1411 Sequence according to formula (If) -   SEQ ID NO. 1412 Sequence according to formula (Ig) -   SEQ ID NO. 1413 Sequence according to formula (Ig) -   SEQ ID NO. 1414 Sequence according to formula (Ig) -   SEQ ID NO. 1415 Sequence according to formula (Ih) -   SEQ ID NO. 1416 Sequence according to formula (Ih) -   SEQ ID NO. 1417 Sequence according to formula (Ih) -   SEQ ID NO. 1418 Sequence according to formula (IIc) -   SEQ ID NO. 1419 Sequence according to formula (IIc) -   SEQ ID NO. 1420 Sequence according to formula (IIc) -   SEQ ID NO. 1421 Sequence according to formula (IIe) -   SEQ ID NO. 1422 Sequence according to formula (IIe) -   SEQ ID NO. 1423 Sequence according to formula (IIe) -   SEQ ID NO. 1424 Sequence according to formula (IIf) -   SEQ ID NO. 1425 Sequence according to formula (IIf) -   SEQ ID NO. 1426 Sequence according to formula (IIf) -   SEQ ID NO. 1427 Sequence according to formula (IIg) -   SEQ ID NO. 1428 Sequence according to formula (IIg) -   SEQ ID NO. 1429 Sequence according to formula (IIg) -   SEQ ID NO. 1430 Sequence according to formula (IIh) -   SEQ ID NO. 1431 Sequence according to formula (IIh) -   SEQ ID NO. 1432 Sequence according to formula (IIh) -   SEQ ID NO. 1433 Example histone stem-loop sequence -   SEQ ID NO. 1434 Center, α-complex-binding portion of the 3′UTR of an     α-globin gene -   SEQ ID NO. 1435 ATP synthase lipid-binding protein, mitochondrial     (atp5g2) -   SEQ ID NO. 1436 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 14) -   SEQ ID NO. 1437 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 15) -   SEQ ID NO. 1438 ATP5A1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG.     16) -   SEQ ID NO. 1439 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG.     17) -   SEQ ID NO. 1440 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 18) -   SEQ ID NO. 1441 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 19) -   SEQ ID NO. 1442 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 20) -   SEQ ID NO. 1443 mRPL21—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG.     37) -   SEQ ID NO. 1444 mRPL35A—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG.     38) -   SEQ ID NO. 1445 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1446 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1447 ATP5A1—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1448 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1449 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1450 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1451 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1452 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 35 (RPL35)     lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1453 5′UTR of human ribosomal protein Large 21 (RPL21)     lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1454 5′UTR of human ATP synthase, H+ transporting,     mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle (ATP5A1)     lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1455 5′UTR of human hydroxysteroid (17-beta)     dehydrogenase 4 (HSD17B4) lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine     tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1456 5′UTR of human androgen-induced 1 (AIG1) lacking the     5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1457 5′UTR of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc     (COX6C) lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1458 5′UTR of human N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase     (acid ceramidase) 1 (ASAH1) lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine     tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1459 5′UTR of mouse ribosomal protein Large 21 (mRPL21)     lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1460 5′UTR of mouse ribosomal protein large 35A (mRPL35A)     lacking the 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract -   SEQ ID NO. 1461 Mouse ribosomal protein Large 21 (mRPL21) -   SEQ ID NO. 1462 Mouse ribosomal protein large 35A (mRPL35A) -   SEQ ID NO. 1463 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 10) -   SEQ ID NO. 1464 PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 9) -   SEQ ID NO. 1465 PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL -   SEQ ID NO. 1466 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 22) -   SEQ ID NO. 1467 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 23) -   SEQ ID NO. 1468 atp5a1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 24) -   SEQ ID NO. 1469 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 25) -   SEQ ID NO. 1470 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 26) -   SEQ ID NO. 1471 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 27) -   SEQ ID NO. 1472 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 28) -   SEQ ID NO. 1473 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 29) -   SEQ ID NO. 1474 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 30) -   SEQ ID NO. 1475 atp5a1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 31) -   SEQ ID NO. 1476 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 32) -   SEQ ID NO. 1477 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 33) -   SEQ ID NO. 1478 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 34) -   SEQ ID NO. 1479 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 35) -   SEQ ID NO. 1480 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 11) -   SEQ ID NO. 1481 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 13)

EXAMPLES 1. Preparation of DNA-Templates

A vector for in vitro transcription was constructed containing a T7 promoter followed by a GC-enriched sequence coding for Photinus pyralis luciferase (PpLuc(GC)) and an A64 poly(A) sequence. The poly(A) sequence was followed by a restriction site used for linearization of the vector before in vitro transcription. mRNA obtained from this vector accordingly by in vitro transcription is designated as “PpLuc(GC)—A64”.

This vector was modified to include untranslated sequences 5′ or 3′ of the open reading frame. In summary, vectors comprising the following mRNA encoding sequences have been generated:

SEQ ID No. 1364 PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 6)

SEQ ID No. 1365 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 7):

SEQ ID NO. 1436 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 14)

SEQ ID NO. 1437 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 15)

SEQ ID NO. 1438 ATP5A1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 16)

SEQ ID NO. 1439 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 17)

SEQ ID NO. 1440 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 18)

SEQ ID NO. 1441 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 19)

SEQ ID NO. 1442 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 20)

SEQ ID NO. 1443 mRPL21—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 37)

SEQ ID NO. 1444 mRPL35A—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 38)

SEQ ID NO. 1445 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1446 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1447 ATP5A1—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1448 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1449 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1450 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1451 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1463 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 10)

SEQ ID NO. 1464 PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 9)

SEQ ID NO. 1465 PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL

SEQ ID NO. 1466 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 22)

SEQ ID NO. 1467 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 23)

SEQ ID NO. 1468 atp5a1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 24)

SEQ ID NO. 1469 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 25)

SEQ ID NO. 1470 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 26)

SEQ ID NO. 1471 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 27)

SEQ ID NO. 1472 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64 (FIG. 28)

SEQ ID NO. 1473 RPL35—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 29)

SEQ ID NO. 1474 RPL21—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 30)

SEQ ID NO. 1475 atp5a1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 31)

SEQ ID NO. 1476 HSD17B4—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 32)

SEQ ID NO. 1477 AIG1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 33)

SEQ ID NO. 1478 COX6C—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 34)

SEQ ID NO. 1479 ASAH1—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 35)

SEQ ID NO. 1480 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—ag—A64—histoneSL (FIG. 11)

SEQ ID NO. 1481 RPL32—PpLuc(GC)—albumin7—A64—C30—histoneSL (FIG. 13)

2. In Vitro Transcription

The DNA-template according to Example 1 was linearized and transcribed in vitro using T7-Polymerase. The DNA-template was then digested by DNase-treatment. mRNA transcripts contained a 5′-CAP structure obtained by adding an excess of N7-Methyl-Guanosine-5′-Triphosphate-5′-Guanosine to the transcription reaction. mRNA thus obtained was purified and resuspended in water.

3. Luciferase Expression by mRNA Lipofection

Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were seeded in 24 well plates at a density of 5×10⁴ cells per well. The following day, cells were washed in opti-MEM and then transfected with 50 ng per well of Lipofectamine2000-complexed PpLuc-encoding mRNA in opti-MEM. As a control, mRNA not coding for PpLuc was lipofected separately. mRNA coding for Renilla reniformis luciferase (RrLuc) was transfected together with PpLuc mRNA to control for transfection efficiency (20 ng of RrLuc mRNA per well). 90 minutes after start of transfection, opti-MEM was exchanged for medium. 24, 48, 72 hours after transfection, medium was aspirated and cells were lysed in 200 μl of lysis buffer (25 mM Tris, pH 7.5 (HCl), 2 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 2 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF). Lysates were stored at −20° C. until luciferase activity was measured.

Alternatively, HDF were seeded in 96 well plates one to three days before transfection at a density of 10⁴ cells per well. Immediately before lipofection, cells were washed in opti-MEM. Cells were lipofected with 25 ng of PpLuc-encoding mRNA per well complexed with Lipofectamine2000. In some experiments, mRNA coding for Renilla reniformis luciferase (RrLuc) was transfected together with PpLuc mRNA to control for transfection efficiency (2.5 ng of RrLuc mRNA per well). 90 minutes after start of transfection, opti-MEM was exchanged for medium. At various time points post transfection, medium was aspirated and cells were lysed in 100 μl of lysis buffer (Passive Lysis Buffer, Promega). Lysates were stored at −80° C. until luciferase activity was measured.

4. Luciferase Measurement

Luciferase activity was measured as relative light units (RLU) in a BioTek SynergyHT plate reader. PpLuc activity was measured at 15 seconds measuring time using 50 μl of lysate and 200 μl of luciferin buffer (75 μM luciferin, 25 mM Glycylglycin, pH 7.8 (NaOH), 15 mM MgSO4, 2 mM ATP). RrLuc activity was measured at 15 seconds measuring time using 50 μl of lysate and 200 μl of coelenterazin buffer (40 μM coelenterazin in phosphate buffered saline adjusted to 500 mM NaCl).

Alternatively, luciferase activity was measured as relative light units (RLU) in a Hidex Chameleon plate reader. PpLuc activity was measured at 2 seconds measuring time using 20 μl of lysate and 50 μl of luciferin buffer (Beetle-Juice, PJK GmbH). RrLuc activity was measured at 2 seconds measuring time using 20 μl of lysate and 50 μl of coelenterazin buffer (Renilla-Juice, PJK GmbH).

Results

5.1 the Combination of 5′UTR Elements Derived from 5′UTRs of TOP Genes and Histone Stem-Loop Increases Protein Expression Strongly.

To investigate the effect of the combination of a 5′UTR element derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene and a histone stem-loop (histoneSL) on protein expression from mRNA, mRNAs with different UTRs were synthesized: mRNAs either lacked both 5′UTR element and histoneSL, or contained both 5′UTR element and histoneSL. Luciferase-encoding mRNAs or control mRNA were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Luciferase levels were measured at 24 hours after transfection (see following Table 1 and FIG. 8).

TABLE 1 mRNA RLU at 24 hours control RNA 588 PpLuc(GC)-ag-A64 12246 RPL32-PpLuc(GC)-ag-A64-C30-histoneSL 319840

Luciferase was clearly expressed from mRNA having neither 5′UTR element nor histoneSL. Strikingly however, the combination of 5′UTR element and histoneSL strongly increased the luciferase level. The magnitude of the rise in luciferase level due to combining 5′UTR element and histoneSL in the same mRNA indicates that they are acting synergistically.

5.2 the Combination of 5′UTR Elements Derived from 5′UTRs of TOP Genes and Histone Stem-Loop Increases Protein Expression from mRNA in a Synergistic Manner

To investigate the effect of the combination of a 5′UTR element derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene and histone stem-loop on protein expression from mRNA, mRNAs with different UTRs were synthesized: mRNAs either lacked both 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop, or contained either a 5′UTR element or a histone stem-loop, or both 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop. Luciferase-encoding mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Luciferase levels were measured at 8, 24, and 48 hours after transfection (see following Table 2 and FIG. 12).

TABLE 2 RLU at RLU at RLU at mRNA 8 hours 24 hours 48 hours PpLuc(GC)-ag-A64 13110 25861 14362 PpLuc(GC)-ag-A64-histoneSL 88640 97013 57026 rpl32-PpLuc(GC)-ag-A64 155654 212245 102528 rpl32-PpLuc(GC)-ag-A64-histoneSL 301384 425825 161974

Luciferase was clearly expressed from mRNA having neither 5′UTR element nor histone stem-loop. Both, either the histone stem-loop or the 5′UTR element increased luciferase levels compared to mRNA lacking both these elements. Strikingly however, the combination of 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop further strongly increased the luciferase level, much above the level observed with either of the individual elements. The magnitude of the rise in luciferase level due to combining 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop in the same mRNA demonstrates that they are acting synergistically.

The synergy between 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop was quantified by dividing the signal from mRNA combining both elements by the sum of the signal from mRNA lacking both elements plus the rise in signal effected by the 5′UTR element plus the rise in signal effected by the histone stem-loop. This calculation was performed for the three time points individually and for total protein expressed from 0 to 48 hours calculated from the area under the curve (AUC) (see following Table 3).

TABLE 3 RLU predicted rpl32 histoneSL RLU Δ RLU (additive) synergy  8 h - - 13110 - + 88640 75530 + - 155654 142544 + + 301384 231184 1.30 24 h - - 25861 - + 97013 71152 + - 212245 186384 + + 425825 283397 1.50 48 h - - 14362 - + 57026 42664 + - 102528 88166 + + 161974 145192 1.12 AUC 0-48 hours - - 846881 - + 3688000 2841119 + - 7343000 6496119 + + 14080000 10184119 1.38

The synergy thus calculated specifies how much higher the luciferase level from mRNA combining 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop is than would be expected if the effects of 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop were purely additive. This result confirms that the combination of 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop effects a markedly synergistic increase in protein expression.

5.3 5′UTR Elements Derived from 5′UTRs of TOP Genes Increase Protein Expression from mRNA.

To investigate the effect of 5′UTR elements derived from 5′UTRs of TOP genes on protein expression from mRNA, mRNAs with one of different 5′UTR elements were synthesized. In addition, mRNAs contained the albumin? 3′UTR element. Luciferase-encoding mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Luciferase levels were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after transfection (see following Table 4 and FIG. 21).

TABLE 4 RLU at RLU at RLU at 5′UTR 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours none 114277 121852 68235 rpl32 332236 286792 114148 rpl35 495917 234070 96993 rpl21 563314 352241 156605 atp5a1 1000253 538287 187159 HSD17B4 1179847 636877 299337 AIG1 620315 446621 167846 COX6C 592190 806065 173743 ASAH1 820413 529901 198429

Luciferase was clearly expressed from mRNA lacking a 5′UTR element. Strikingly however, all 5′UTR elements strongly increased the luciferase level.

5.4 the Combination of 5′UTR Elements Derived from 5′UTRs of TOP Genes and Histone Stem-Loop Increases Protein Expression from mRNA in a Synergistic Manner.

To investigate the effect of the combination of 5′UTR elements derived from the 5′UTRs of TOP genes and histone stem-loop on protein expression from mRNA, mRNAs with different UTRs were synthesized: mRNAs either lacked both 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop, or contained a histone stem-loop, or contained one of different 5′UTR elements derived from 5′UTRs of TOP genes, or contained both one of different 5′UTR elements and a his tone stem-loop. In addition, mRNAs contained the alpha-globin 3′UTR element. Luciferase-encoding mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Luciferase levels were measured at 8, 24, and 48 hours after transfection (see FIG. 36). Luciferase was clearly expressed from mRNA having neither 5′UTR element nor histone stem-loop. The histone stem-loop increased the luciferase level. All 5′UTR elements also increased the luciferase level. Strikingly however, the combinations of 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop further strongly increased the luciferase level, much above the level observed with either of the individual elements. The magnitude of the rise in luciferase level due to combining 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop in the same mRNA demonstrates that they are acting synergistically.

The synergy between 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop was quantified by dividing the signal from mRNA combining both elements by the sum of the signal from mRNA lacking both elements plus the rise in signal effected by the 5′UTR element plus the rise in signal effected by the histone stem-loop. This calculation was performed for total protein expressed from 0 to 48 hours calculated from the area under the curve (AUC) (see following Table 5).

TABLE 5 TOP 5′UTR Synergy with histone stem-loop 35L 2.50 21L 3.25 atp5a1 3.00 HSD17B4 3.55 AIG1 1.52 COX6C 3.19

The synergy thus calculated specifies how much higher the luciferase level from mRNA combining 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop is than would be expected if the effects of 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop were purely additive. The luciferase level from mRNA combining 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop was up to more than three times higher than if their effects were purely additive. This result confirms that the combination of 5′UTR element and histone stem-loop effects a markedly synergistic increase in protein expression.

5.5 5′UTR Elements Derived from 5′UTRs of Mouse TOP Genes Increase Protein Expression from mRNA.

To investigate the effect of TOP 5′UTR elements derived from 5′UTRs of mouse TOP genes on protein expression from mRNA, mRNAs with two different mouse 5′UTR elements were synthesized. In addition, mRNAs contained the albumin? 3′UTR element. Luciferase-encoding mRNAs were transfected into human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). For comparison, mRNA containing the human rpl32 5′UTR element was transfected. Luciferase levels were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after transfection (see following Table 6 and FIG. 39).

TABLE 6 RLU at RLU at RLU at 5′UTR 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours none 114277 121852 68235 rpl32 332236 286792 114148 mrpl21 798233 351894 139249 mrpl35A 838609 466236 174949

Luciferase was clearly expressed from mRNA lacking a 5′UTR element. Both mouse 5′UTR elements strongly increased the luciferase level, similarly as the human 5′UTR element.

Lengthy table referenced here US20170247699A1-20170831-T00001 Please refer to the end of the specification for access instructions.

LENGTHY TABLES The patent application contains a lengthy table section. A copy of the table is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site (http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20170247699A1). An electronic copy of the table will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3). 

1. An artificial nucleic acid molecule comprising: a. at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene; and b. at least one open reading frame (ORF).
 2. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, further comprising: c. at least one histone stem-loop.
 3. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the 5′UTR element and the open reading frame are heterologous.
 4. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the 5′UTR element is suitable for increasing protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule.
 5. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop act together, preferably at least additively, to increase protein production from the artificial nucleic acid molecule.
 6. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the 5′UTR element does not comprise a TOP-motif, preferably wherein the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene, preferably the 5′UTR element, starts at its 5′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 downstream of the polypyrimidine tract.
 7. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene, preferably the 5′UTR element terminates at its 3′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 upstream of the start codon of the gene it is derived from.
 8. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein the 5′UTR element does not comprise a start codon or an open reading frame.
 9. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene is derived from the 5′UTR of a eukaryotic TOP gene or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 5′UTR of a plant or animal TOP gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 5′UTR of a chordate TOP gene or from a variant thereof, even more preferably from the 5′UTR of a vertebrate TOP gene or from a variant thereof, most preferably from the 5′UTR of a mammalian TOP gene, such as a human TOP gene, or from a variant thereof.
 10. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 2-9, wherein the at least one histone stem-loop is selected from following formulae (I) or (II): formula (I) (stem-loop sequence without stem bordering elements):

formula (II) (stem-loop sequence with stem bordering elements):

wherein: stem1 or stem2 bordering elements N₁₋₆ is a consecutive sequence of 1 to 6, preferably of 2 to 6, more preferably of 2 to 5, even more preferably of 3 to 5, most preferably of 4 to 5 or 5 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C, or a nucleotide analogue thereof; stem1 [N₀₋₂GN₃₋₅] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem2, and is a consecutive sequence between of 5 to 7 nucleotides; wherein N₀₋₆ is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; wherein N₃₋₅ is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof, and wherein G is guanosine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a cytidine or an analogue thereof, provided that its complementary nucleotide cytidine in stem2 is replaced by guanosine; loop sequence [N₀₋₄(U/T)N₀₋₄] is located between elements stems and stem2, and is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5 nucleotides, more preferably of 4 nucleotides; wherein each N₀₋₄ is independent from another a consecutive sequence of 0 to 4, preferably of 1 to 3, more preferably of 1 to 2 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; and wherein U/T represents uridine, or optionally thymidine; stem2 [N₃₋₅CN₀₋₂] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem1, and is a consecutive sequence between of 5 to 7 nucleotides; wherein N₃₋₅ is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; wherein N₀₋₂ is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; and wherein C is cytidine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a guanosine or an analogue thereof provided that its complementary nucleotide guanosine in stem1 is replaced by cytidine; wherein stem1 and stem2 are capable of base pairing with each other forming a reverse complementary sequence, wherein base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2, or forming a partially reverse complementary sequence, wherein an incomplete base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2.
 11. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 2-10, wherein the at least one histone stem-loop is selected from at least one of following formulae (Ia) or (IIa):

formula (Ia) (stem-loop sequence without stem bordering elements)

formula (IIa) (stem-loop sequence with stem bordering elements)
 12. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-11, further comprising d. a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal.
 13. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 12, wherein the poly(A) sequence comprises or consists of a sequence of about 25 to about 400 adenosine nucleotides, preferably a sequence of about 50 to about 400 adenosine nucleotides, more preferably a sequence of about 50 to about 300 adenosine nucleotides, even more preferably a sequence of about 50 to about 250 adenosine nucleotides, most preferably a sequence of about 60 to about 250 adenosine nucleotides.
 14. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the polyadenylation signal comprises the consensus sequence NN(U/T)ANA, with N=A or U, preferably AA(U/T)AAA or A(U/T)(U/T)AAA.
 15. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any of claims 1-14, further comprising: e. a poly(C) sequence.
 16. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 15, wherein the poly(C) sequence comprises, preferably consists of, about 10 to about 200 cytidine nucleotides, more preferably about 10 to about 100 cytidine nucleotides, more preferably about 10 to about 50 cytidine nucleotides, even more preferably about 20 to about 40 cytidine nucleotides.
 17. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-16, further comprising: f. at least one 3′UTR element.
 18. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 17, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 3′UTR of a gene providing a stable mRNA or from a variant of the 3′UTR of a gene providing a stable mRNA.
 19. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element and the at least one 5′UTR element act at least additively, preferably synergistically to increase protein production from said artificial nucleic acid molecule.
 20. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-19, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from the homologs of any of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or from a variant thereof.
 21. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or to a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 22. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-21, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein, preferably from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360; a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 23. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-22, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360; or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360; or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 24. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-23, wherein the 5′UTR element is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL) or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL), preferably from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462, a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 25. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-24, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence having an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462, or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 26. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-25, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a ribosomal protein Large 32 gene or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 5′UTR of a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 5′UTR of a mammalian ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene or from a variant thereof, most preferably from the 5′UTR of a human ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene or from a variant thereof, wherein preferably the 5′UTR element, preferably the artificial nucleic acid molecule does not comprise the 5′TOP of said gene.
 27. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-26, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs. 1368 or 1452-1460, or a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs. 1368 or 1452-1460, or to a corresponding RNA sequence.
 28. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 21, 23, 25 and 27, wherein the fragment consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length sequence, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length sequence the fragment is derived from.
 29. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-28, wherein the at least one 5′UTR element exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 40 nucleotides.
 30. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-29, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene selected from RPSA, RPS2, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4, RPS5, RPS6, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPS10, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS28, RPS29, RPS30, RPL3, RPL4, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL9, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL40, RPL41, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPLP3, UBA52 or from a variant thereof.
 31. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 2-30, wherein the at least one histone stem-loop comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1391-1433, preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1403-1433.
 32. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 2-31, wherein the histone stem-loop comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably of at least about 85%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or to the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein preferably positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or to the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO. 1433 or to the corresponding RNA nucleotides.
 33. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 17-32, wherein the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence derived from a 3′UTR of a gene selected from the group consisting of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, and a collagen alpha gene, or from a variant of a 3′UTR of a gene selected from the group consisting of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, and a collagen alpha gene.
 34. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 17-33, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a vertebrate albumin gene or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 3′UTR of a mammalian albumin gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 3′UTR of a human albumin gene or from a variant thereof, even more preferably from the 3′UTR of the human albumin gene according to GenBank Accession number NM_000477.5 or from a variant thereof.
 35. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 17-33, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a vertebrate α-globin gene or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 3′UTR of a mammalian α-globin gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 3′UTR of a human α-globin gene or from a variant thereof.
 36. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 17-33, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1369-1377 and 1434 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1369-1377 and 1434 or to a corresponding RNA sequence.
 37. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to claim 36, wherein the fragment consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length sequence, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length sequence the fragment is derived from.
 38. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 17-37, wherein the 3′UTR element exhibits a length of at least about 40 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 75 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 125 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 150 nucleotides.
 39. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-38, wherein the artificial nucleic acid molecule, preferably the open reading frame, is at least partially G/C modified, preferably wherein the G/C content of the open reading frame is increased compared to the wild type open reading frame.
 40. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-39, wherein the open reading frame comprises a codon-optimized region, preferably, wherein the open reading frame is codon-optimized.
 41. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-40, which is an RNA, preferably an mRNA molecule.
 42. A vector comprising: a. at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene; and b. at least one open reading frame (ORF) and/or at least one cloning site.
 43. The vector according to claim 42, further comprising: c. at least one histone-stem loop.
 44. The vector according to claim 42 or 43, wherein the 5′UTR element and the open reading frame are heterologous.
 45. The vector according to any one of claims 42-44, wherein the 5′UTR element is suitable for increasing protein production from the vector.
 46. The vector to any one of claims 43-45, wherein the 5′UTR element and the histone stem-loop act together, preferably at least additively, to increase protein production from the vector.
 47. The vector according to any one of claims 42-46, wherein the 5′UTR element does not comprise a TOP-motif, preferably wherein the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene, preferably the 5′UTR element starts at its 5′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 downstream of the polypyrimidine tract.
 48. The vector according to any one of claims 42-47, wherein the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene, preferably the 5′UTR element terminates at its 3′-end with a nucleotide located at position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 upstream of the start codon of the gene it is derived from.
 49. The vector according to any one of claims 42-48, wherein the 5′UTR element does not comprise a start codon or an open reading frame.
 50. The vector according to any one of claims 42-49, wherein the nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene is derived from the 5′UTR of a eukaryotic TOP gene or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 5′UTR of a plant or animal TOP gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 5′UTR of a chordate TOP gene or from a variant thereof, even more preferably from the 5′UTR of a vertebrate TOP gene or from a variant thereof, most preferably from the 5′UTR of a mammalian TOP gene, such as a human TOP gene, or from a variant thereof.
 51. The vector according to any one of claims 43-50, wherein the at least one histone stem-loop is selected from following formulae (I) or (II): formula (I) (stem-loop sequence without stem bordering elements):

formula (II) (stem-loop sequence with stem bordering elements):

wherein: stem1 or stem2 bordering elements N₁₋₆ is a consecutive sequence of 1 to 6, preferably of 2 to 6, more preferably of 2 to 5, even more preferably of 3 to 5, most preferably of 4 to 5 or 5 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C, or a nucleotide analogue thereof; stem1 [N₀₋₂GN₃₋₅] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem2, and is a consecutive sequence between of 5 to 7 nucleotides; wherein N₀₋₂ is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; wherein N₃₋₅ is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof, and wherein G is guanosine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a cytidine or an analogue thereof, provided that its complementary nucleotide cytidine in stem2 is replaced by guanosine; loop sequence [N_(o-4)(U/T)N₀₋₄] is located between elements stems and stem2, and is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5 nucleotides, more preferably of 4 nucleotides; wherein each N₀₋₄ is independent from another a consecutive sequence of 0 to 4, preferably of 1 to 3, more preferably of 1 to 2 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; and wherein U/T represents uridine, or optionally thymidine; stem2 [N₃₋₅CN₀₋₂] is reverse complementary or partially reverse complementary with element stem1, and is a consecutive sequence between of 5 to 7 nucleotides; wherein N₃₋₅ is a consecutive sequence of 3 to 5, preferably of 4 to 5, more preferably of 4 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; wherein N₀₋₂ is a consecutive sequence of 0 to 2, preferably of 0 to 1, more preferably of 1 N, wherein each N is independently from another selected from a nucleotide selected from A, U, T, G and C or a nucleotide analogue thereof; and wherein C is cytidine or an analogue thereof, and may be optionally replaced by a guanosine or an analogue thereof provided that its complementary nucleotide guanosine in stem1 is replaced by cytidine; wherein stem1 and stem2 are capable of base pairing with each other forming a reverse complementary sequence, wherein base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2, or forming a partially reverse complementary sequence, wherein an incomplete base pairing may occur between stem1 and stem2.
 52. The vector according to any one of claims 43-51, wherein the at least one histone stem-loop is selected from at least one of following formulae (Ia) or (IIa):

formula (Ia) (stem-loop sequence without stem bordering elements)

formula (IIa) (stem-loop sequence with stem bordering elements)
 53. The vector according to any one of claims 42-52, further comprising d. a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal.
 54. The vector according to claim 53, wherein the poly(A) sequence comprises or consists of a sequence of about 25 to about 400 adenosine nucleotides, preferably a sequence of about 50 to about 400 adenosine nucleotides, more preferably a sequence of about 50 to about 300 adenosine nucleotides, even more preferably a sequence of about 50 to about 250 adenosine nucleotides, most preferably a sequence of about 60 to about 250 adenosine nucleotides.
 55. The vector according to claim 53 or 54, wherein the polyadenylation signal comprises the consensus sequence NN(U/T)ANA, with N=A or U, preferably AA(U/T)AAA or A(U/T)(U/T)AAA.
 56. The vector according to any one of claims 42-55, further comprising: e. a poly(C) sequence.
 57. The vector according to claim 56, wherein the poly(C) sequence comprises, preferably consists of, about 10 to about 200 cytidine nucleotides, more preferably about 10 to about 100 cytidine nucleotides, more preferably about 10 to about 50 cytidine nucleotides, even more preferably about 20 to about 40 cytidine nucleotides.
 58. The vector according to any one of claims 42-57, further comprising: f. at least one 3′UTR element.
 59. The vector according to claim 58, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 3′UTR of a gene providing a stable mRNA or from a variant of the 3′UTR of a gene providing a stable mRNA.
 60. The vector according to claim 58 or 59, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element and the at least one 5′UTR element act at least additively, preferably synergistically to increase protein production from said vector.
 61. The vector according to any one of claims 42-60, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, from the homologs of any of SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462—or from a variant thereof.
 62. The vector according to any one of claims 42-61, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1-1363, SEQ ID NO. 1435, SEQ ID NO. 1461 or SEQ ID NO. 1462, or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 63. The vector according to any one of claims 42-62, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal protein, preferably from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360, a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof as described herein, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 64. The vector according to any one of claims 42-63, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 170, 232, 244, 259, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342, 1343, 1344, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358, 1359, or 1360 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 65. The vector according to any one of claims 42-64, wherein the 5′UTR element is derived from a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL) or from a variant of a 5′UTR of a TOP gene encoding a ribosomal Large protein (RPL), preferably from a 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462, a corresponding RNA sequence, a homolog thereof, or a variant thereof, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 66. The vector according to any one of claims 42-65, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence having an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the 5′UTR of a nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No. SEQ ID NOs: 67, 259, 1284-1318, 1344, 1346, 1348-1354, 1357, 1461 and 1462 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, preferably lacking the 5′TOP motif.
 67. The vector according to any one of claims 42-66, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a ribosomal protein Large 32 gene, preferably from the 5′UTR of a vertebrate ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 5′UTR of a mammalian ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene or from a variant thereof, most preferably from the 5′UTR of a human ribosomal protein Large 32 (L32) gene or from a variant thereof, wherein preferably the 5′UTR element does not comprise the 5′TOP of said gene.
 68. The vector according to any one of claims 42-67, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs. 1368 or 1452-1460 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs. 1368 or 1452-1460 or to a corresponding RNA sequence.
 69. The vector according to any one of claims 62, 64, 66 and 68, wherein the fragment consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length sequence, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length sequence the fragment is derived from.
 70. The vector according to any one of claims 42-69, wherein the at least one 5′UTR element exhibits a length of at least about 20 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 30 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 40 nucleotides.
 71. The vector according to any one of claims 42-70, wherein the 5′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene selected from RPSA, RPS2, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4, RPS5, RPS6, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPS10, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS28, RPS29, RPS30, RPL3, RPL4, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL9, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL40, RPL41, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPLP3, UBA52 or from a variant thereof.
 72. The vector according to any one of claims 43-71, wherein the at least one histone stem-loop comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1391-1433, preferably from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs. 1403-1433.
 73. The vector according to any one of claims 43-72, wherein the histone stem-loop comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or to the corresponding RNA sequence, wherein preferably positions 6, 13 and 20 of the sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 75%, preferably of at least about 80%, preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95% to the sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1433 or to the corresponding RNA sequence are conserved, i.e. are identical to the nucleotides at positions 6, 13 and 20 of SEQ ID NO. 1433 or to the corresponding RNA nucleotides.
 74. The vector according to any one of claims 58-73, wherein the 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence derived from a 3′UTR of a gene selected from the group consisting of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, and a collagen alpha gene, or from a variant of a 3′UTR of a gene selected from the group consisting of an albumin gene, an α-globin gene, a β-globin gene, a tyrosine hydroxylase gene, a lipoxygenase gene, and a collagen alpha gene.
 75. The vector according to any one of claims 58-74, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a vertebrate albumin gene or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 3′UTR of a mammalian albumin gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 3′UTR of a human albumin gene or from a variant thereof, even more preferably from the 3′UTR of the human albumin gene according to GenBank Accession number NM_000477.5 or from a variant thereof.
 76. The vector according to any one of claims 58-74, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 3′UTR of a vertebrate α-globin gene or from a variant thereof, preferably from the 3′UTR of a mammalian α-globin gene or from a variant thereof, more preferably from the 3′UTR of a human α-globin gene or from a variant thereof.
 77. The vector according to any one of claims 58-74, wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1369-1377 and 1434 or to a corresponding RNA sequence, or wherein the at least one 3′UTR element comprises or consists of a fragment of a nucleic acid sequence which has an identity of at least about 40%, preferably of at least about 50%, preferably of at least about 60%, preferably of at least about 70%, more preferably of at least about 80%, more preferably of at least about 90%, even more preferably of at least about 95%, even more preferably of at least about 99% to a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1369-1377 and 1434 or to a corresponding RNA sequence.
 78. The vector according to claim 77, wherein the fragment consists of a continuous stretch of nucleotides corresponding to a continuous stretch of nucleotides in the full-length sequence, which represents at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% of the full-length sequence the fragment is derived from.
 79. The vector according to any one of claims 58-78, wherein the 3′UTR element exhibits a length of at least about 40 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 50 nucleotides, preferably of at least about 75 nucleotides, more preferably of at least about 100 nucleotides, even more preferably of at least about 125 nucleotides, most preferably of at least about 150 nucleotides.
 80. The vector according to any one of claims 42-79, wherein the vector, preferably the open reading frame, is at least partially G/C modified, preferably wherein the G/C content of the open reading frame is increased compared to the wild type open reading frame.
 81. The vector according to any one of claims 42-80, wherein the open reading frame comprises a codon-optimized region, preferably, wherein the open reading frame is codon-optimized.
 82. The vector according to any one of claims 42-81, which is a DNA vector.
 83. The vector according to any one of claims 42-82, which is a plasmid vector or a viral vector, preferably a plasmid vector.
 84. The vector according to any one of claims 42-83, which comprises or codes for an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41.
 85. The vector according to any one of claims 42-84, which is a circular molecule.
 86. A cell comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41 or the vector according to any one of claims 42-85.
 87. The cell according to claim 86, which is a mammalian cell.
 88. The cell according to claim 86 or 87, which is a cell of a mammalian subject, preferably an isolated cell of a mammalian subject, preferably of a human subject.
 89. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41, the vector according to any one of claims 42-85, or the cell according to any one of claims 86-88.
 90. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 89, further comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents and/or excipients and/or one or more adjuvants.
 91. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41, the vector according to any one of claims 42-85, the cell according to any one of claims 86-88, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 89 or 90 for use as a medicament.
 92. The artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41, the vector according to any one of claims 42-85, the cell according to any one of claims 86-88, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 89 or 90 for use as a vaccine or for use in gene therapy.
 93. A method for treating or preventing a disorder comprising administering the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41, the vector according to any one of claims 42-85, the cell according to any one of claims 86-88, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 89 or 90 to a subject in need thereof.
 94. A method of treating or preventing a disorder comprising transfection of a cell with the artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41 or the vector according to any one of claims 42-85.
 95. The method according to claim 94, wherein transfection of a cell is performed in vitro/ex vivo and the transfected cell is administered to a subject in need thereof, preferably to a human patient.
 96. The method according to claim 95, wherein the cell which is to be transfected in vitro is an isolated cell of the subject, preferably of the human patient.
 97. The method according to any one of claims 93-96, which is a vaccination method or a gene therapy method.
 98. A method for increasing protein production from an artificial nucleic acid molecule, comprising the step of providing the artificial nucleic acid molecule with i. at least one 5′-untranslated region element (5′UTR element) which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene; ii. preferably at least one histone stem-loop; and iii. optionally, a poly(A) sequence and/or a polyadenylation signal.
 99. Use of a 5′UTR element which comprises or consists of a nucleic acid sequence which is derived from the 5′UTR of a TOP gene or which is derived from a variant of the 5′UTR of a TOP gene and preferably at least one histone stem-loop for increasing protein production from a nucleic acid molecule.
 100. A kit or kit of parts comprising an artificial nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-41, the vector according to any one of claims 42-85, the cell according to any one of claims 86-88, and/or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 89 or
 90. 101. The kit according to claim 100, further comprising instructions for use, cells for transfection, an adjuvant, a means for administration of the pharmaceutical composition, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solution for dissolution or dilution of the artificial nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the pharmaceutical composition. 